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log in [BATS HPLC pigments] - HPLC and fluorometric derived phytoplankton pigment concentrations from seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from October 1988 through December 2023 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here contain HPLC derived phytoplankton pigments and fluorometric chlorophyll-a from the BATS site for years 1988 to 2023.  Water samples are typically collected from 12 depths in the upper 250 meters of the water column, and then filtered under low vacuum through a 25mm GF/F filter. The filter is then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C. Shoreside, analysis is performed on an HPLC using a method modified by Dr. R. Bidigare from the Wright et al. (1991) procedure.  This method identifies the pigments chlorophyll-c3, chlorophyll-c2, peridinin, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, prasinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-a, divinyl chlorophyllide-a, alpha and beta carotene. Additionally, chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments are analyzed using a fluorometric assay.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nBottle_number (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (uniteless)\ndepth (m)\nQF_depth (unitless)\np1 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p1 (unitless)\np2 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p2 (unitless)\np3 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\n... (40 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_893521_v6
log in [BATS HPLC pigments] - HPLC and fluorometric derived phytoplankton pigment concentrations from seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from October 1988 through June 2024 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here contain HPLC derived phytoplankton pigments and fluorometric chlorophyll-a from the BATS site for October 1988 to June 2024. Samples are typically collected from 12 depths in the upper 250 meters of the water column where by 4l of seawater is filtered under low vacuum through a 25mm GF/F filter. The filter is then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80C. Shoreside, analysis is performed on a HPLC using a modified version of Wright et al., 1991 (modified by Dr R. Bidigare,University of Hawaii) which identifies the following pigments: Chlorophyll C3, Chlorophyll C2, Peridinin, 19'Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, Fucoxanthin, 19'Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, Prasinoxanthin, Violoxanthin, Diadinoxanthin,, Alloxanthin, Diatoxanthin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, Divinyl, chlorophyll_a, Alpha and beta carotene. Additionally, chlorophyll_A and phaeopigments are analyzed using a fluorometeric assay.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nBottle_number (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (uniteless)\ndepth (m)\nQF_depth (unitless)\np1 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p1 (unitless)\np2 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p2 (unitless)\np3 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\n... (40 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_893521_v7
log in [BATS primary production] - Primary productivity estimates from the incubation of seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from December 1988 through December 2023 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented are primary production estimates at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea from December 1988 (BATS Cruise 3) through December 2023 (BATS cruise 399). The rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs in seawater was determined by tracing the uptake of radioactive 14C from the inorganic form to the particulate organic form. Incubations were performed in situ at depths ranging from the surface to 140 meters from dusk to dawn. Seawater samples were collected prior to sunrise, separated into three light bottles and one dark bottle, and a radioactive 14C tracer added. The bottles were then deployed on an incubation array at their collection depths, and allowed to drift on the array for the full light day. Samples were recovered after sunset and filtered for subsequent analysis on a liquid scintillation counter.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\nDate (unitless)\nISO_DateTime_UTC_in (seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nISO_DateTime_UTC_out (seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nLatitude_in (degrees_north)\nLongitude_in (degrees_east)\nLatitude_out (degrees_north)\nLongitude_out (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nCast_num (unitless)\nBottle_num (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (unitless)\ndepth (m)\nQF1_Depth (unitless)\nPressure (units)\nQF2_Pressure (unitless)\n... (22 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_893182_v4
log in [BATS primary production] - Primary productivity estimates from the incubation of seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from December 1988 through June 2024 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented are primary production estimates at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea from December 1988 (BATS Cruise 10003) through June 2024 (BATS cruise 10416). The rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs in seawater was determined by tracing the uptake of radioactive 14C from the inorganic form to the particulate organic form. Incubations were performed in situ at depths ranging from the surface to 140 meters from dusk to dawn. Seawater samples were collected prior to sunrise, separated into three light bottles and one dark bottle, and a radioactive 14C tracer added. The bottles were then deployed on an incubation array at their collection depths, and allowed to drift on the array for the full light day. Samples were recovered after sunset and filtered for subsequent analysis on a liquid scintillation counter.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\nDate (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc_in, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nISO_DateTime_UTC_out (seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (Latitude_in, degrees_north)\nlongitude (Longitude_in, degrees_east)\nLatitude_out (degrees_north)\nLongitude_out (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nCast_num (unitless)\nBottle_num (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (unitless)\ndepth (m)\nQF1_Depth (unitless)\nPressure (units)\nQF2_Pressure (unitless)\n... (22 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_893182_v5
log in [BVAL bottle data (BATS Validation cruises)] - Discrete bottle samples collected during BATS Validation (BVAL) cruises from April 1991 through July 2024 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here are discrete bottle samples for BATS validation (BVAL) cruise 50001 (April 1991) through BVAL cruise 50061 (June/July 2024). The sample parameter list has been mostly consistent for the full time-series record and includes: salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, nutrients (nitrate + nitrite, nitrite, phosphate, silicate), particulate organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous), particulate silicate, total organic carbon and nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, bacterial enumeration, and flow cytometry counts of picoplankton.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nCast_num (unitless)\nBottle_num (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (unitless)\ndepth (m)\nQF1_Depth (unitless)\nTemp (degrees Celsius)\nQF2_Temp (unitless)\nCTD_Sal (PSS-78)\nQF3_CTD_Sal (unitless)\nSal1 (PSS-78)\nQF4_Sal1 (unitless)\nSigma_theta (kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m^3))\nQF5_Sigma_theta (unitless)\n... (45 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_917255_v6
log in [BVAL bottle data (BATS Validation cruises)] - Discrete bottle samples collected during BATS Validation (BVAL) cruises from April 1991 through June 2023 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here are discrete bottle samples for BATS validation (BVAL)  Cruise # 1 (April 1991) through BVAL cruise # 60 (June 2023). Following the first several years of the BATS project it was deemed necessary by the JGOFS steering committee and BATS PIs to conduct validation cruises in the vicinity of the nominal BATS site to better understand the mesoscale and larger scale variability of the region. In particular, a focus of the BVAL cruises was to assess the spatial scale representation of the BATS and Hydrostation ‘S' programs. Initial focus of the BVAL cruises was to investigate mesoscale variability and  meridional gradients of the local region. Later, cruises focused on specific mesoscale eddies (e.g., McGillicuddy et al., 1998; McGillicuddy et al., 1999) and effects of tropical cyclones through the local region. In the year 2000 it was deemed more important to document the larger scale changes in the North Atlantic Subtropical gyre so BVAL cruises established a transect line from ~ 35N to 19N (Bermuda to Puerto Rico) very similar to the WOCE A22 repeat hydrography line (Johnson et al., 2020). These annual Bermuda to Puerto Rico transects have been run since 2000 and target stations at every one degree of latitude and typically have been conducted in September/October of each year to capture maximal heat content in the upper ocean. However, since this timeframe coincides with high tropical cyclone activity the cruises were reluctantly (as of 2022) moved to begin in June/July of each year for safety and operational reasons. In the pentad prior to 2022 every BVAL cruise was significantly impacted by multiple tropical cyclones. Parameters presented are the same as provided in the standard BATS bottle files. To browse cruise tracks please see the supplemental information.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nCast_num (unitless)\n... (61 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_917255_v5
log in [BVAL pigments (BATS Validation cruises)] - HPLC and fluorometric derived phytoplankton pigment concentrations from seawater collected on BATS Validation cruises from June 1996 to July 2024 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here are discrete bottle HPLC derived phytoplankton pigments and fluorometric chlorophyll-a for BATS validation (BVAL) cruises from June 1996 (BVAL cruise #50016) through June/July 2024 (BVAL cruise #50061). Water samples are typically collected from 7-12 depths in the upper 250 meters of the water column, and then filtered under low vacuum through a 25mm GF/F filter. The filter is then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C. Shoreside, analysis is performed on an HPLC using a method modified by Dr. R. Bidigare from the Wright et al. (1991) procedure. This method identifies the pigments chlorophyll-c3, chlorophyll-c2, peridinin, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, prasinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-a, divinyl chlorophyllide-a, alpha and beta carotene. Additionally, chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments are analyzed using a fluorometric assay.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nBottle_number (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (uniteless)\ndepth (m)\nQF_depth (unitless)\np1 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p1 (unitless)\np2 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p2 (unitless)\n... (41 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_926534_v6
log in [BVAL pigments (BATS Validation cruises)] - HPLC and fluorometric derived phytoplankton pigment concentrations from seawater collected on BATS Validation cruises from June 1996 to June 2023 (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study) Data presented here are discrete bottle HPLC derived phytoplankton pigments and fluorometric chlorophyll-a for BATS validation (BVAL) cruises from June 1996 (BVAL cruise #50016) through June 2023 (BVAL cruise #50060). Water samples are typically collected from 7-12 depths in the upper 250 meters of the water column, and then filtered under low vacuum through a 25mm GF/F filter. The filter is then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C. Shoreside, analysis is performed on an HPLC using a method modified by Dr. R. Bidigare from the Wright et al. (1991) procedure. This method identifies the pigments chlorophyll-c3, chlorophyll-c2, peridinin, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, prasinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-a, divinyl chlorophyllide-a, alpha and beta carotene. Additionally, chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments are analyzed using a fluorometric assay.\n\ncdm_data_type = Other\nVARIABLES:\nID (unitless)\ntime (Iso_datetime_utc, seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\nVessel (unitless)\nlatitude (degrees_north)\nlongitude (degrees_east)\nCruise_type (unitless)\nCruise_num (unitless)\nCast (unitless)\nCast_type (unitless)\nBottle_number (unitless)\nQF_Niskin_GoFlo (uniteless)\ndepth (m)\nQF_depth (unitless)\np1 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p1 (unitless)\np2 (nanograms per kilogram (ng/kg))\nQF_p2 (unitless)\n... (41 more variables)\n BCO-DMO bcodmo_dataset_926534_v4

 
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