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Row Type Variable Name Attribute Name Data Type Value
attribute NC_GLOBAL access_formats String .htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv
attribute NC_GLOBAL acquisition_description String The study was conducted from November 2010 through February 2011 and between\nNovember 2011 and January 2012 on shallow (~1 m below the surface at low tide,\nequal or shallower than 2 m at high tide), intertidal fringing reefs platforms\n(up to 800-m wide) along the Coral Coast (18\\u00ba\\u00a013.05\\u2019S,\n177\\u00ba\\u00a042.97\\u2019E) of Viti Levu, Fiji\\u2019s main island. Many of\nthe owners of traditional fishing rights along the Coral Coast have\nestablished small, customary no-take MPAs to improve and sustain their\nadjacent fishing grounds. The MPAs in this region are delimited by surface\nmarkings and enforced by local villagers, and they have been closed to all\nfishing activities since their inception (about 10 years). The only exception\nto this closure was a small experimental hook and line fishing research\nproject that was conducted in the MPAs of Votua and\\u00a0Namada. In the\n\\u00a0non-MPAs, the main fishing targets are species of Acanthuridae\n(Nasinae), Epinephelidae, Labridae, Mullidae, and Lutjanidae. Permission for\nthe research was granted by the Fijian Ministry of Education, National\nHeritage, Culture & Arts, Youth & Sports, which is authorized to approve field\nstudies in Fijian waters. No animal collection or experimental procedures\ninvolving animals were conducted during the study, and no endangered species\nwere recorded during our assessments.\\u00a0\n \nTo assess the effects of MPAs on fish assemblages, fish feeding group\ncomposition, herbivory rates, benthic cover, and coral recruit density, we\ncompared three spatially paired MPA and adjacent, fished, areas (non-MPAs)\nassociated with the villages of\nVotua,\\u00a0Vatu-o-lalai\\u00a0and\\u00a0Namada.\\u00a0 Comparisons of fish\nassemblages inside and outside of closures are widely used for determining the\neffects of reserves, but it should be acknowledged that this approach does not\nreveal the state of an MPA relative to an undisturbed baseline.\\u00a0\n \nThe studied MPAs were established in 2002 (Vatu-o-lalai,\\u00a0Namada) and 2003\n(Votua), and shortly after establishment, coral cover was low (~7%),\nand\\u00a0macroalgal\\u00a0cover was high (~35\\u201345%) in both the MPAs and\n\\u00a0non-MPAs. All surveys and assays were conducted during the same season\n(austral summer) to minimize seasonal variation in sampling. The reef extends\napprox. 1 km from shore within each MPA and\\u00a0non-MPA,\\u00a0and all data\nwere collected between 30 and 700 m of the shore (i.e., shoreward of the reef\ncrest) parallel to the\\u00a0shoreline.\n \nFish assemblages: Underwater visual censuses (UVC) were used to assess fish\nassemblages in MPAs and non-MPAs at the three village sites. Underwater\nvisibility at all study sites (> 15 m) was appropriate for the use of UVC, but\ndue to the visual limitations of this method, we did not consider cryptic\nspecies or species with a maximum total length < 5 cm. During our surveys, we\ncategorized species into two major categories (Herbivores and Non-herbivores)\nthat were subdivided into ten sub-categories. Herbivores include the main\nroving nominally herbivorous fish clades, which play an important role in the\ncontrol of benthic algae, and these species were further divided into four\nsub-categories (browsers, grazers, scrapers, and excavators) according to\ndiet, feeding mode, and impact on the benthos. The category of Non-herbivores\nincludes all species that feed on other, non-algal resources.\n \nSeparate 30m x 4m belt transects were performed for Herbivores and Non-\nherbivores. While simultaneously deploying the transect line, a snorkeler\nrecorded all non-cryptic fishes (either Herbivores or Non-herbivores) within 2\nm of either side of the transect. Individual fish were identified to species\nand placed into 5-cm (total length) size classes, and the lengths were\nconverted to biomass using established length-weight relationships.\\u00a0\n \nTransects were conducted in each area within 2 h of high tide (approx. 1.5 m\ndepth) and were equally distributed between the two sampling periods (Dec\n2010\\u2013Jan 2011 and Dec 2011\\u2013Jan 2012), the months within each sampled\nyear (December and January of each year). On each sampling day, four to six\ntransects were deployed on the reef parallel to the shoreline, with a minimum\nof 10m between adjacent transects. To ensure that transects were independent\nand non-overlapping, small numbered surface floats were placed at the start\nand end of each transect, and were left in position during all sampling. Care\nwas taken to avoid re-counting fishes that left and subsequently re-entered\nthe transect areas. The initial starting point of the transects for each day\nwas selected based on a map of the study sites with two constraints: (1) as to\na minimum distance from shore\\u00a0(at least 30 m), and a minimum distance\nfrom the MPA boundaries\\u00a0(150 m).\\u00a0\n \nDensity of coral recruits: To assess the effect of the MPAs on the\nreplenishment of coral populations, the density of coral recruits on natural\nreef substrata was assessed at night during January and February 2011 using a\nfluorescence technique. Coral recruit counts were conducted along a series of\n50-m long transects positioned parallel to shore, and a total of 18 transects\n(n = 9 MPA; n = 9 non-MPA) were performed at each of the three village sites\n(n = 54 transects total). Ten 25 cm x 30 cm rectangular quadrats were randomly\nplaced along each transect with a minimum distance of 2 m between quadrats\n(540 plots total). Once a quadrat was deployed on the substratum, all coral\nrecruits within the borders of the quadrat were counted.\\u00a0
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_award_nid String 480718
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_award_number String OCE-0929119
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_data_url String http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0929119 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funder_name String NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funding_acronym String NSF OCE
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funding_source_nid String 355
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_program_manager String David L. Garrison
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_program_manager_nid String 50534
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_award_nid String 674109
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_award_number String U01-TW007401
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_data_url String https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?icde=0&aid=7741942 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funder_name String National Institutes of Health
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funding_acronym String NIH
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funding_source_nid String 636502
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_program_manager String Flora Katz
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_program_manager_nid String 674108
attribute NC_GLOBAL cdm_data_type String Other
attribute NC_GLOBAL comment String M. Hay \n  Biomass and Density data \n  Version 6 January 2017
attribute NC_GLOBAL Conventions String COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_email String info at bco-dmo.org
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_name String BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_type String institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_url String https://www.bco-dmo.org/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL data_source String extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3  19 Dec 2019
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_created String 2017-01-07T00:24:32Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_modified String 2019-04-05T15:49:59Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL defaultDataQuery String &amp;time&lt;now
attribute NC_GLOBAL doi String 10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.674116.1
attribute NC_GLOBAL infoUrl String https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/674116 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL institution String BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL keywords String abundance, bco, bco-dmo, biological, biomass, chemical, data, dataset, day, dmo, erddap, management, minor, oceanography, office, preliminary, site, status, transect, type, year
attribute NC_GLOBAL license String https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/674116/license (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL metadata_source String https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/674116 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL param_mapping String {'674116': {}}
attribute NC_GLOBAL parameter_source String https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/674116/parameters (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_affiliation String Georgia Institute of Technology
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_affiliation_acronym String Georgia Tech
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_person_name String Mark Hay
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_person_nid String 480720
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_role String Principal Investigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_role_type String originator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_affiliation_acronym String WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_person_name String Hannah Ake
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_person_nid String 650173
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_role String BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_role_type String related
attribute NC_GLOBAL project String Killer Seaweeds
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_acronym String Killer Seaweeds
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_description String Extracted from the NSF award abstract:\nCoral reefs are in dramatic global decline, with reefs commonly converting from species-rich and topographically-complex communities dominated by corals to species- poor and topographically-simplified communities dominated by seaweeds. These phase-shifts result in fundamental loss of ecosystem function. Despite debate about whether coral-to-algal transitions are commonly a primary cause, or simply a consequence, of coral mortality, rigorous field investigation of seaweed-coral competition has received limited attention. There is limited information on how the outcome of seaweed-coral competition varies among species or the relative importance of different competitive mechanisms in facilitating seaweed dominance. In an effort to address this topic, the PI will conduct field experiments in the tropical South Pacific (Fiji) to determine the effects of seaweeds on corals when in direct contact, which seaweeds are most damaging to corals, the role allelopathic lipids that are transferred via contact in producing these effects, the identity and surface concentrations of these metabolites, and the dynamic nature of seaweed metabolite production and coral response following contact. The herbivorous fishes most responsible for controlling allelopathic seaweeds will be identified, the roles of seaweed metabolites in allelopathy vs herbivore deterrence will be studied, and the potential for better managing and conserving critical reef herbivores so as to slow or reverse conversion of coral reef to seaweed meadows will be examined.\nPreliminary results indicate that seaweeds may commonly damage corals via lipid- soluble allelochemicals. Such chemically-mediated interactions could kill or damage adult corals and produce the suppression of coral fecundity and recruitment noted by previous investigators and could precipitate positive feedback mechanisms making reef recovery increasingly unlikely as seaweed abundance increases. Chemically-mediated seaweed-coral competition may play a critical role in the degradation of present-day coral reefs. Increasing information on which seaweeds are most aggressive to corals and which herbivores best limit these seaweeds may prove useful in better managing reefs to facilitate resilience and possible recovery despite threats of global-scale stresses. Fiji is well positioned to rapidly use findings from this project for better management of reef resources because it has already erected >260 MPAs, Fijian villagers have already bought-in to the value of MPAs, and the Fiji Locally-Managed Marine Area (FLMMA) Network is well organized to get information to villagers in a culturally sensitive and useful manner.\nThe broader impacts of this project are far reaching. The project provides training opportunities for 2-2.5 Ph.D students and 1 undergraduate student each year in the interdisciplinary areas of marine ecology, marine conservation, and marine chemical ecology. Findings from this project will be immediately integrated into classes at Ga Tech and made available throughout Fiji via a foundation and web site that have already set-up to support marine conservation efforts in Fiji and marine education efforts both within Fiji and internationally. Business and community leaders from Atlanta (via Rotary International Service efforts) have been recruited to help organize and fund community service and outreach projects in Fiji -- several of which are likely to involve marine conservation and education based in part on these efforts there. Media outlets (National Geographic, NPR, Animal Planet, Audubon Magazine, etc.) and local Rotary clubs will be used to better disseminate these discoveries to the public.\nPUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH\nRasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kubanek J, and ME Hay. \"Macroalgal terpenes function as allelopathic agents against reef corals\", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 108, 2011, p. 17726.\nBeattie AJ, ME Hay, B Magnusson, R de Nys, J Smeathers, JFV Vincent. \"Ecology and bioprospecting,\" Austral Ecology, v.36, 2011, p. 341.\nRasher DB and ME Hay. \"Seaweed allelopathy degrades the resilience and function of coral reefs,\" Communicative and Integrative Biology, v.3, 2010.\nHay ME, Rasher DB. \"Corals in crisis,\" The Scientist, v.24, 2010, p. 42.\nHay ME and DB Rasher. \"Coral reefs in crisis: reversing the biotic death spiral,\" Faculty 1000 Biology Reports 2010, v.2, 2010.\nRasher DB and ME Hay. \"Chemically rich seaweeds poison corals when not controlled by herbivores\", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v.107, 2010, p. 9683.
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_end_date String 2014-08
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_geolocation String Viti Levu, Fiji (18º13.049’S, 177º42.968’E)
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_name String Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_project_nid String 480717
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_start_date String 2009-09
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_name String Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_type String institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL sourceUrl String (local files)
attribute NC_GLOBAL standard_name_vocabulary String CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute NC_GLOBAL summary String Biomass and density data from in and outside of an MPA in Viti Levu, Fiji from 2010-2012 (Killer Seaweeds project)
attribute NC_GLOBAL title String [Biomass and density data] - Biomass and density data from in and outside of an MPA in Viti Levu, Fiji from 2010-2012 (Killer Seaweeds project) (Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals)
attribute NC_GLOBAL version String 1
attribute NC_GLOBAL xml_source String osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable type String
attribute type bcodmo_name String sample
attribute type description String Category of fish assemblage sampled; Herbivores include the main roving nominally herbivorous fish clades; non-herbivores includes all species that feed on other, non-algal resources.
attribute type long_name String Type
attribute type nerc_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/ACYC/ (external link)
attribute type units String unitless
variable site String
attribute site bcodmo_name String site
attribute site description String Site name
attribute site long_name String Site
attribute site units String unitless
variable status String
attribute status bcodmo_name String site_descrip
attribute status description String Status of area where sampling was done; Marine Protected Area (MPA) or non-MPA (NON)
attribute status long_name String Status
attribute status units String unitless
variable minor String
attribute minor bcodmo_name String species
attribute minor description String Species were further divided into four sub-categories (browsers grazers scrapers and excavators) according to diet feeding mode and impact on the benthos.
attribute minor long_name String Minor
attribute minor units String unitless
variable year String
attribute year bcodmo_name String date_range
attribute year description String (A) Sampling took place between December 2010 and January 2011; (B) Sampling took place between December 2011 and January 2012
attribute year long_name String Year
attribute year units String unitless
variable day String
attribute day bcodmo_name String time_point
attribute day description String Day that sampling took place within each years sampling event. A B and C all took place in during year A (Dec 2010 - Jan 2011); D E and F all took place during year B (Dec 2011 - Jan 2012)
attribute day long_name String Day
attribute day units String unitless
variable transect byte
attribute transect _FillValue byte 127
attribute transect actual_range byte 1, 31
attribute transect bcodmo_name String transect
attribute transect description String Transect number
attribute transect long_name String Transect
attribute transect units String unitless
variable biomass double
attribute biomass _FillValue double NaN
attribute biomass actual_range double 0.0, 26372.24249
attribute biomass bcodmo_name String biomass
attribute biomass description String Biomass of fish observed
attribute biomass long_name String Biomass
attribute biomass units String centimeters
variable abundance short
attribute abundance _FillValue short 32767
attribute abundance actual_range short 0, 314
attribute abundance bcodmo_name String abundance
attribute abundance description String Abundance of each species observed
attribute abundance long_name String Abundance
attribute abundance nerc_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/ (external link)
attribute abundance units String count

 
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