Attributes {
 s {
  site {
    String bcodmo_name "site";
    String description "Name of the location where the experiments took place.";
    String long_name "Site";
    String units "text";
  }
  latitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lat";
    Float64 _FillValue NaN;
    Float64 actual_range 23.773461, 23.773461;
    String axis "Y";
    String bcodmo_name "latitude";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 90.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -90.0;
    String description "Latitude of the site.";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Latitude";
    String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/";
    String standard_name "latitude";
    String units "degrees_north";
  }
  longitude {
    String _CoordinateAxisType "Lon";
    Float64 _FillValue NaN;
    Float64 actual_range -76.105208, -76.105208;
    String axis "X";
    String bcodmo_name "longitude";
    Float64 colorBarMaximum 180.0;
    Float64 colorBarMinimum -180.0;
    String description "Longitude of the site.";
    String ioos_category "Location";
    String long_name "Longitude";
    String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/";
    String standard_name "longitude";
    String units "degrees_east";
  }
  fish_id {
    Byte _FillValue 127;
    String _Unsigned "false";
    Byte actual_range 1, 25;
    String bcodmo_name "unknown";
    String description "Unique number for each lionfish in the experiment.";
    String long_name "Fish Id";
    String units "dimensionless";
  }
  lionfish_len_tot {
    Float32 _FillValue NaN;
    Float32 actual_range 4.0, 23.1;
    String bcodmo_name "fish_len";
    String description "The total length of the lionfish in centimeters.";
    String long_name "Lionfish Len Tot";
    String units "cm";
  }
  goby_len_tot {
    Float32 _FillValue NaN;
    Float32 actual_range 1.0, 6.2;
    String bcodmo_name "fish_len";
    String description "The total length of the bridled goby in centimeters.";
    String long_name "Goby Len Tot";
    String units "cm";
  }
  detection_time_elapsed {
    String bcodmo_name "time_elapsed";
    String description "The time point when a directed movement towards the bridled goby was observed. Each trial was 30 minutes total (0:30:00).";
    String long_name "Detection Time Elapsed";
    String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ELTMZZZZ/";
    String units "H:MM:SS";
  }
  num_strikes {
    Byte _FillValue 127;
    String _Unsigned "false";
    Byte actual_range 0, 9;
    String bcodmo_name "unknown";
    String description "The number of strikes a lionfish took in each trial.";
    String long_name "Num Strikes";
    String units "integer";
  }
  success {
    Byte _FillValue 127;
    String _Unsigned "false";
    Byte actual_range 0, 1;
    String bcodmo_name "unknown";
    String description "Whether or not the lionfish made a successful strike on the goby.
1 = succesful strike
0 = unsuccessful strike";
    String long_name "Success";
    String units "1 or 0 (yes or no)";
  }
  strike_time_elapsed {
    String bcodmo_name "time_elapsed";
    String description "The time point that the successful strike occured.  If the time is 0:30:00, then the lionfish never attempted a strike. Each trial was 30 minutes, but some trials were allowed to go longer to see if the lionfish would ever eat the goby.";
    String long_name "Strike Time Elapsed";
    String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ELTMZZZZ/";
    String units "H:MM:SS";
  }
  ingestion_time_elapsed {
    String bcodmo_name "time_elapsed";
    String description "The time point that the lionfish had the bridled goby completely in its mouth. If blank and success = 1, the goby was swallowed whole (the ingestion time = the time of strike).";
    String long_name "Ingestion Time Elapsed";
    String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ELTMZZZZ/";
    String units "H:MM:SS";
  }
 }
  NC_GLOBAL {
    String access_formats ".htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson";
    String acquisition_description "The investigators documented the gape refuge of bridled gobies accorss various
sizes of lionfish. Bridled gobies, ranging in size from 1 to 6 cm total
length, were offered to lionfish, ranging from 4 to 21 cm total length. The
investigators recorded the time until detection by lionfish of goby, time to
strike, strike sucess, and ingestion success. Each trial was 30 minutes, but
some trials were allowed to go longer to see if the lionfish would ever eat
the goby.";
    String awards_0_award_nid "55160";
    String awards_0_award_number "OCE-0851162";
    String awards_0_data_url "http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0851162";
    String awards_0_funder_name "NSF Division of Ocean Sciences";
    String awards_0_funding_acronym "NSF OCE";
    String awards_0_funding_source_nid "355";
    String awards_0_program_manager "David L. Garrison";
    String awards_0_program_manager_nid "50534";
    String cdm_data_type "Other";
    String comment "Goby consumption by lionfish 
 (From sub-project \"Lionfish predation on bridled gobies\") 
 Lead PI: Mark Hixon (OSU) 
 Sub-Project Lead: Timothy J. Pusack (OSU) 
 Version: 06 May 2013";
    String Conventions "COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3";
    String creator_email "info@bco-dmo.org";
    String creator_name "BCO-DMO";
    String creator_type "institution";
    String creator_url "https://www.bco-dmo.org/";
    String data_source "extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3  19 Dec 2019";
    String date_created "2013-05-06T17:55:35Z";
    String date_modified "2019-11-06T15:01:40Z";
    String defaultDataQuery "&time<now";
    String doi "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3938.1";
    Float64 Easternmost_Easting -76.105208;
    Float64 geospatial_lat_max 23.773461;
    Float64 geospatial_lat_min 23.773461;
    String geospatial_lat_units "degrees_north";
    Float64 geospatial_lon_max -76.105208;
    Float64 geospatial_lon_min -76.105208;
    String geospatial_lon_units "degrees_east";
    String history "2024-11-08T08:36:43Z (local files)
2024-11-08T08:36:43Z https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3938.das";
    String infoUrl "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3938";
    String institution "BCO-DMO";
    String keywords "bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, detection, detection_time_elapsed, dmo, elapsed, erddap, fish, fish_id, goby, goby_len_tot, ingestion, ingestion_time_elapsed, latitude, len, lionfish, lionfish_len_tot, longitude, management, num, num_strikes, oceanography, office, preliminary, site, strike, strike_time_elapsed, strikes, success, time, tot";
    String license "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3938/license";
    String metadata_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/3938";
    Float64 Northernmost_Northing 23.773461;
    String param_mapping "{'3938': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}}";
    String parameter_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/3938/parameters";
    String people_0_affiliation "Oregon State University";
    String people_0_affiliation_acronym "OSU";
    String people_0_person_name "Mark Hixon";
    String people_0_person_nid "51647";
    String people_0_role "Lead Principal Investigator";
    String people_0_role_type "originator";
    String people_1_affiliation "Oregon State University";
    String people_1_affiliation_acronym "OSU";
    String people_1_person_name "Timothy J Pusack";
    String people_1_person_nid "51671";
    String people_1_role "Scientist";
    String people_1_role_type "originator";
    String people_2_affiliation "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution";
    String people_2_affiliation_acronym "WHOI BCO-DMO";
    String people_2_person_name "Shannon Rauch";
    String people_2_person_nid "51498";
    String people_2_role "BCO-DMO Data Manager";
    String people_2_role_type "related";
    String project "Lionfish Invasion";
    String projects_0_acronym "Lionfish Invasion";
    String projects_0_description "Invasive species are increasingly introduced by human activities to new regions of the world where those species have never existed previously. In the absence of natural enemies (predators, competitors, and diseases) from their homeland, invasives may have strong negative effects on invaded ecosystems, especially systems with fewer species (\"ecological release\"), and may even drive native species extinct. However, if native natural enemies can somehow control the invaders (\"ecological resistance\"), then ecological disruption can be prevented or at least moderated. Most of the many invasive species in the sea have been seaweeds and invertebrates, and the few documented invasive marine fishes have not caused major problems. However, this situation has recently changed in a stunning and ominous way. In the early 1990s, lionfish (Pterois volitans) from the Pacific Ocean were accidentally or intentionally released from aquaria to the ocean in the vicinity of Florida. Camouflaged by shape and color, protected by venomous spines, consuming native coral-reef fishes voraciously, and reproducing rapidly, lionfish have subsequently undergone a population explosion. They now range from the mid-Atlantic coast of the US to the Caribbean, including the Bahamas. Native Atlantic fishes have never before encountered this spiny, stealthy, efficient predator and seldom take evasive action. In fact, the investigator has documented that a single lionfish is capable of reducing the abundance of small fish on a small coral patch reef by nearly 80% in just 5 weeks. There is great concern that invasive lionfish may severely reduce the abundance of native coral-reef fishes important as food for humans (e.g., grouper and snapper in their juvenile stages) as well as species that normally maintain the integrity of coral reefs (e.g., grazing parrotfishes that can prevent seaweeds from smothering corals). There are far more species of coral-reef fish in the Pacific than the Atlantic, so this invasion may represent a case of extreme ecological release with minor ecological resistance. Dr. Hixon and colleagues will study the mechanisms of ecological release in lionfish, as well as examine potential sources of ecological resistance in the heavily invaded Bahamas. Because very little is known about the ecology and behavior of lionfish in their native Pacific range, he will also conduct comparative studies in both oceans, which may provide clues regarding the extreme success of this invasion. In the Bahamas, the investigator will document the direct and indirect effects on native species of the ecological release of lionfish, both as a predator and as a competitor. These studies will be conducted at various scales of time and space, from short-term experiments on small patch reefs, to long-term experiments and observations on large reefs. Whereas direct effects involve mostly changes in the abundance of native species, indirect effects can be highly variable. For example, lionfish may actually indirectly benefit some native species by either consuming or outcompeting the competitors of those natives. The project will explore possible ecological resistance to the invasion by determining whether any native Bahamian species are effective natural enemies of lionfish, including predators, parasites, and competitors of both juvenile and adult lionfish. Comparative studies of natural enemies, as well as lionfish ecology and behavior, in both the Atlantic and the Pacific may provide clues regarding the explosive spread of lionfish in the Atlantic.
Regarding broader impacts, this basic research will provide information valuable to coral-reef and fisheries managers fighting the lionfish invasion in the US, the Bahamas, and the greater Caribbean, especially if sources of native ecological resistance are identified. The study will fund the PhD research of U.S. graduate students, as well as involve assistance and participation by a broad variety of undergraduates and reef/fisheries managers, including women, minorities, native Bahamians, and native Pacific islanders. Participation in this project will promote education in marine ecology and conservation biology directly via Dr. Hixon's and graduate students' teaching and outreach activities, and indirectly via the experiences of undergraduate field assistants and various associates.";
    String projects_0_end_date "2012-11";
    String projects_0_geolocation "Bahamas; Cayman Islands; Mariana Islands; Philippines";
    String projects_0_name "Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish";
    String projects_0_project_nid "2256";
    String projects_0_project_website "http://hixon.science.oregonstate.edu/content/highlight-lionfish-invasion";
    String projects_0_start_date "2009-06";
    String publisher_name "Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)";
    String publisher_type "institution";
    String sourceUrl "(local files)";
    Float64 Southernmost_Northing 23.773461;
    String standard_name_vocabulary "CF Standard Name Table v55";
    String subsetVariables "site,latitude,longitude";
    String summary "Results of a controlled lab experiment investigating consumption of bridled gobies by lionfish at the Tropical Marine Lab at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas in 2011.";
    String title "[goby consumption by lionfish] - Results of a controlled lab experiment investigating consumption of bridled gobies by lionfish at the Tropical Marine Lab at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas in 2011 (Lionfish Invasion project) (Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish)";
    String version "1";
    Float64 Westernmost_Easting -76.105208;
    String xml_source "osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3";
  }
}