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| Dataset Title: | [Mean Plot-Level Responses] - Mean plot-level responses observed in an experiment conducted at Zeke's Island National Estuarine Research Reserve where abundance of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla was manipulated to assess impact on multiple ecosystem functions ( Small Grazers, Multiple Stressors and the Proliferation of Fungal Disease in Marine Plant Ecosystems) 
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| Institution: | BCO-DMO (Dataset ID: bcodmo_dataset_716208) |
| Information: | Summary
| License
| ISO 19115
| Metadata
| Background
| Data Access Form
| Files
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![[The graph you specified. Please be patient.]](https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_716208.png?Plot,TrtPeg&.draw=markers&.marker=5%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff)
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Attributes {
s {
Plot {
Byte _FillValue 127;
String _Unsigned "false";
Byte actual_range 1, 48;
String bcodmo_name "site";
String description "The experimental plot, numbered from West to East";
String long_name "Plot";
String units "unitless";
}
TrtPeg {
Int16 _FillValue 32767;
Int16 actual_range 0, 400;
String bcodmo_name "treatment";
String description "The density treatment in total number of u-pegs assigned to each plot";
String long_name "Trt Peg";
String units "unitless (count)";
}
Gcvr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 71.6;
String bcodmo_name "cover_pcent";
String description "The average Gracilaria cover (%) maintained in each plot over the course of the experiment";
String long_name "GCVR";
String units "unitless (percent)";
}
Epi {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 372.0;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean abundance of epifauna";
String long_name "Epi";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "number per square meter (# m^-2)";
}
EpiRich {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 7.756209804;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean richness of epifauna taxa";
String long_name "Epi Rich";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "taxa per square meter (taxa m^-2)";
}
Dsln {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 6.832777778, 10.24375;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Mean chalk dissolution expressed as mass lost in grams per day";
String long_name "DSLN";
String units "grams per day (g d^-1)";
}
DslnFlip {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 4.27375, 7.684722222;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Mean reflected chalk dissolution; calculated as an intermediate step and intended to be standardized on a scale of 0-1 when used in any analysis.";
String long_name "Dsln Flip";
String units "grams per day (g d^-1)";
}
Sed {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -0.434583226, 1.016394;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Mean sediment stabilization expressed as the change in height in cm per month";
String long_name "Sed";
String units "centimeters per month (cm mo^-1)";
}
Nrsy {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.182857143, 11.325;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean abundance of nursery species";
String long_name "NRSY";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "number per square meter (# m^-2)";
}
NrsyRich {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.771292328, 2.115544672;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean richness of nursery taxa";
String long_name "Nrsy Rich";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "taxa per square meter (taxa m^-2)";
}
Dcmp {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.818045676, 1.370524897;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Mean decomposition of Spartina stems expressed as mass lost per month";
String long_name "DCMP";
String units "grams per month (g mo^-1)";
}
Infa_sr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 4.526935265, 46.40108646;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean abundance of infauna; the suffix \"sr\" denotes supporting responses only measured near the end of the experiment";
String long_name "Infa Sr";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "number per liter (# L^-1)";
}
InfaRich_sr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 1.018735978, 4.07494391;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean richness of infauna taxa; the suffix \"sr\" denotes supporting responses only measured near the end of the experiment";
String long_name "Infa Rich Sr";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "taxa per liter (taxa L^-1)";
}
Rays_sr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.106666667, 0.613333333;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Mean number of ray holes; the suffix \"sr\" denotes supporting responses only measured near the end of the experiment";
String long_name "Rays Sr";
String units "number per square meter per day (# m^-2 d^-1)";
}
RaysFlip_sr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 0.506666667;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Reflected mean number of ray holes; the suffix \"sr\" denotes supporting responses only measured near the end of the experiment; calculated as an intermediate step and intended to be standardized on a scale of 0-1 when used in any analysis.";
String long_name "Rays Flip Sr";
String units "number per square meter per day (# m^-2 d^-1)";
}
Wfwl_sr {
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 0.0, 0.433333333;
String bcodmo_name "abundance";
String description "Mean abundance of waterfowl; the suffix \"sr\" denotes supporting responses only measured near the end of the experiment";
String long_name "WFWL SR";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P03/current/B070/";
String units "number per square meter per hour (# m^-2 h^-1)";
}
}
NC_GLOBAL {
String access_formats ".htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv";
String acquisition_description
"For complete methodology, see Ramus et al., 2017
(doi:[10.1073/pnas.1700353114](\\\\\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700353114\\\\\")).
In summary:
The experiment was carried out on intertidal mud and sandflats located
within the Zeke\\u2019s Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (33.95 N,
77.94 W), North Carolina, USA. We manipulated six densities (n = 8 per
treatment) of the nonnative seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla in 48 large 25
square meter\\u00a0plots over a 10-month period. We selected three low-
intertidal flats spanning over 1 km in the reserve that differed in area, flow
regimes, Gracilaria cover, grain size, and proximity to the Spartina salt
marsh. The three flats represented the continuum of estuarine habitats where
Gracilaria naturally occurs in this area. We established the 48 plots along
the mean low water line at 5-m intervals by adding 3-m steel rebar 1.2 m into
the substrate at each plot-corner. Treatments were randomly assigned to the
plots to avoid potentially confounding small-scale effects of site (and all
plots had only few Diopatra tubes). Gracilaria was fixed in a plot with metal
'u-pegs'\\u00a0(constructed from clothes hangers) by physically staking
handful-sized 'clumps'\\u00a0of loose thalli to the sediment surface. Pegs were
flushed with the sediment surface to avoid above-surface experimental
artifacts. Our six treatments were based on the total number of pegs per 25
square meters\\u00a0(arranged in squared grids) as follows: 0 (0\\u00d70), 9
(3\\u00d73), 36 (6\\u00d76), 100 (10\\u00d710), 225 (15\\u00d715), and 400
(20\\u00d720). Gracilaria was collected from nearby locations and added to
plots in the u-peg grids in August 2013. Treatments were maintained and
response variables quantified approximately monthly from September 2013 to
June 2014 (treatments were maintained and measured at total of 10 times). For
each plot visit we quantified the cover of Gracilaria (in 10 randomly placed
0.25 square meter\\u00a0quadrats per plot) and seven ecosystem functions (see
next section for detail) before maintaining Gracilaria densities (by
replenishing u-pegs devoid of Gracilaria and manually removing Gracilaria from
control plots).
To examine the effect of Gracilaria on epifauna, we positioned a 0.25 square
meter\\u00a0quadrat in the center of each plot and collected all Gracilaria and
its associated epifauna into a ziptop bag. In the laboratory, Gracilaria was
rinsed in freshwater and shaken for about 1 min to remove epifauna, which were
captured on a 500 micron sieve. Epifauna were identified and enumerated to
broad taxonomic groupings (typically family level) under a stereomicroscope
(~18x, Nikon SMZ800). For simplicity, all faunal data were standardized to
unit area. Taxonomic richness was rescaled to unit area using the species-area
relationship\\u00a0and assuming a conservative value of 0.15 for z.
To quantify whether Gracilaria attenuates hydrodynamic forces, we used gypsum
dissolution blocks that dissolve at a rate proportional to water velocity and
thus represent an integrated proxy for tidal currents and wave exposure. We
created gypsum blocks as hemispheres (\\u2300 = 6.5 cm) from dental plaster
(Die Keen, Heraeus Kalzer), covered on the bottom with two layers of
polyurethane to ensure that an equal surface area would be subject to
dissolution. Gypsum blocks were dried at 60 degrees C for a minimum of 24 h
before recording the initial mass and deploying one block flush with the
substrate surface in the center of each plot for 4 d. Following retrieval,
gypsum blocks were dried and reweighed, and the dissolution rate calculated as
grams of gypsum dissolved per day. Because lower dissolution rates indicate
greater flow reduction, dissolution rates were reflected using the equation
\\u2013fi+max(fi), so that greater flow reduction corresponds with a positive
contribution to ecosystem functioning.
To examine the effect of Gracilaria on sediment stabilization, we marked all
corner poles at 20 cm above the substrate surface in August 2013. The distance
between the marking and substrate surface was measured with a ruler to the
nearest 0.5 cm at the end of each month. We calculated the monthly (30 d)
change in height in cm by subtracting the final from initial distance to the
substrate (using the average of the 4 corners per plot) and correcting for the
time interval between measurements. Accretion and erosion are represented as
positive and negative values, respectively.
To assess the effectiveness of Gracilaria as a nursery habitat for
commercially and recreationally important species, we sampled the entire plot
using a 1.2-m high \\u00d7 6.7-m wide nylon seine net (The Fish Net Company,
Jonesville, LA; mesh size = 3.175 mm) during a falling tide. Upon completion
of a pass, we swiftly pulled the net taught, tilted it into a horizontal
position, and lifted it from the water into an adjacent boat (R/V Adelaide) in
a single motion. Organisms (greater than 1 cm) retained on the boat were
identified to the family-level and enumerated before being returned to the
water. Abundances were reported per unit area (dividing by 25 square meters)
and richness data were rescaled to unit area using the species\\u2013area
relationship\\u00a0and assuming a conservative value of 0.15 for z.
To quantify the effect of Gracilaria on decomposition processes, standing dead
Spartina stems were collected from adjacent salt marshes, washed, and dried at
60 degrees C for a minimum of 72 h (until no further weight loss). We pooled
multiple stems to achieve an initial mass of 7.0 +/-\\u00a00.5 g and placed
them inside a mesh litter bag, which was closed and deployed on the sediment
surface in the center of each plot. Bags were retrieved just prior to the next
treatment maintenance. Remaining stem material was washed, dried, and weighed
and decomposition rate was reported as the mass lost in grams per month.
To simplify our analyses and remove temporal autocorrelation, we calculated
the average response of each function in each plot using the full 10 month
data set (48 plots sampled each month). At the end of the experiment we
measured four additional functions (months 8 through 10). Because we did not
have seasonal data for these responses they were excluded from the main
analysis of multifunction effects.
To sample benthic infauna, triplicate core samples (5-cm diameter, 15-cm
depth, volume = 294.5 cubic cm) were taken equidistant along a diagonal
transect of each plot on June 25, 2014. The three sediment core samples from
each plot were pooled into a ziptop bag. Upon return to the laboratory, the
content of each bag were drained and rinsed over a 1-mm mesh sieve to remove
fine sediments. Infauna retained on the sieve were preserved in 75% ethanol.
The 1-mm mesh-size was chosen to concentrate sampling efforts on juvenile and
early life stages of crustaceans, molluscs, and larger polychaete taxa.
Infauna were identified and enumerated under a stereomicroscope (~18x, Nikon
SMZ800) to families, and, in some cases, phyla. Infaunal data were
standardized and rescaled to unit volume (using the reciprocal of 0.8836 L and
a conservative z of 0.15) following the same methods described previously for
epifauna and nursery functions.
To evaluate the effect of Gracilaria on ray foraging activity, we counted the
number of ray holes in each plot on 3 to 4 different days in a given month. We
here report the average number of ray holes standardized to unit area (by
dividing by 25 square meters) during a given low tide on a single day.
To investigate the association of waterfowl with Gracilaria, we delimited the
48 plots into four sites based on spatial proximity (plots 1-12, 13-24, 25-36,
and 37-48) and surveyed all waterfowl activity occurring within a site
(containing 12 plots) for a 15-min period during low tide. Bird counts were
made through binoculars from our research vessel from a distance of about 100
m to avoid disturbances arising from our presence. We tallied the number of
birds initially present, and that became present, within the boundaries of
each plot during the observation period. After completing the 15-min
observation of a site, we moved to a new vantage point for observing the next
12 plots. Hence, by repeating this procedure at all sites, all 48 plots were
sampled with equivalent effort in a ~1 h period. Because measurements were
made on 1 to 3 different days in a given month, we present the average number
of birds tallied per unit area (by dividing by 25 square meters) per unit time
(by multiplying by 4; 15 min x 4 = 60 min = 1 h) of low tide.";
String awards_0_award_nid "649744";
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String awards_0_funder_name "NSF Division of Ocean Sciences";
String awards_0_funding_acronym "NSF OCE";
String awards_0_funding_source_nid "355";
String awards_0_program_manager "David L. Garrison";
String awards_0_program_manager_nid "50534";
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String awards_1_data_url "https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1056980";
String awards_1_funder_name "NSF Division of Ocean Sciences";
String awards_1_funding_acronym "NSF OCE";
String awards_1_funding_source_nid "355";
String awards_1_program_manager "David L. Garrison";
String awards_1_program_manager_nid "50534";
String cdm_data_type "Other";
String comment
"Mean plot-level responses
PI: Brian R. Silliman (Duke)
Co-PI: Aaron Ramus (UNCW)
Version: 05 October 2017";
String Conventions "COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3";
String creator_email "info@bco-dmo.org";
String creator_name "BCO-DMO";
String creator_type "institution";
String creator_url "https://www.bco-dmo.org/";
String data_source "extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019";
String date_created "2017-10-05T17:58:01Z";
String date_modified "2019-08-02T13:32:07Z";
String defaultDataQuery "&time<now";
String doi "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.716208.1";
String history
"2024-11-14T03:32:55Z (local files)
2024-11-14T03:32:55Z https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_716208.das";
String infoUrl "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/716208";
String institution "BCO-DMO";
String instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description "Epifauna were identified and enumerated to broad taxonomic groupings (typically family level) under a stereomicroscope (~18x, Nikon SMZ800).";
String instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid "716402";
String instruments_0_description "Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a \"light microscope\".";
String instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/";
String instruments_0_instrument_name "Microscope-Optical";
String instruments_0_instrument_nid "708";
String instruments_0_supplied_name "stereomicroscope";
String instruments_1_acronym "Scale";
String instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid "716416";
String instruments_1_description "An instrument used to measure weight or mass.";
String instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/";
String instruments_1_instrument_name "Scale";
String instruments_1_instrument_nid "714";
String instruments_2_dataset_instrument_description "To assess the effectiveness of Gracilaria as a nursery habitat for commercially and recreationally important species, we sampled the entire plot using a 1.2-m high × 6.7-m wide nylon seine net (The Fish Net Company, Jonesville, LA; mesh size = 3.175 mm) during a falling tide. Upon completion of a pass, we swiftly pulled the net taught, tilted it into a horizontal position, and lifted it from the water into an adjacent boat (R\\V Adelaide) in a single motion.";
String instruments_2_dataset_instrument_nid "716414";
String instruments_2_description
"A seine net is a very long net, with or without a bag in the centre, which is set either from the shore or from a boat for surrounding a certain area and is operated with two (long) ropes fixed to its ends (for hauling and herding the fish).
Seine nets are operated both in inland and in marine waters. The surrounded and catching area depends on the length of the seine and of the hauling lines.
(definition from: fao.org)";
String instruments_2_instrument_name "Seine Net";
String instruments_2_instrument_nid "716403";
String instruments_2_supplied_name "seine net";
String keywords "bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, dcmp, dmo, dsln, DslnFlip, epi, EpiRich, erddap, flip, gcvr, infa, Infa_sr, InfaRich_sr, management, nrsy, NrsyRich, oceanography, office, peg, plot, preliminary, rays, Rays_sr, RaysFlip_sr, rich, sed, trt, TrtPeg, wfwl, Wfwl_sr";
String license "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/716208/license";
String metadata_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/716208";
String param_mapping "{'716208': {}}";
String parameter_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/716208/parameters";
String people_0_affiliation "Duke University";
String people_0_person_name "Brian Silliman";
String people_0_person_nid "552219";
String people_0_role "Principal Investigator";
String people_0_role_type "originator";
String people_1_affiliation "University of North Carolina - Wilmington";
String people_1_affiliation_acronym "UNC-Wilmington";
String people_1_person_name "Aaron Ramus";
String people_1_person_nid "716220";
String people_1_role "Co-Principal Investigator";
String people_1_role_type "originator";
String people_2_affiliation "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution";
String people_2_affiliation_acronym "WHOI BCO-DMO";
String people_2_person_name "Shannon Rauch";
String people_2_person_nid "51498";
String people_2_role "BCO-DMO Data Manager";
String people_2_role_type "related";
String project "small grazers facilitating fungal disease";
String projects_0_acronym "small grazers facilitating fungal disease";
String projects_0_description
"In terrestrial communities, grazer-facilitation of fungal disease in plants has been studied for over a century. Despite the prevalence of this interaction in terrestrial systems, it was not considered relevant to the structure of marine plant communities until the investigator's recent work in salt marshes. By manipulating both grazer and fungal presence, he demonstrated that snail grazing and subsequent fungal infection in live grass led to drastic reductions in plant growth and, at high grazer densities, destruction of canopy. If grazer promotion of fungal disease in marine plants is not limited to marshes (as suggested by preliminary data from a world-wide survey of 4 marine plant ecosystems) then small grazers that take small bites out of plants could be exerting similarly strong, but undetected control over marine plants globally. In addition, since physical stress commonly reduces plant immune responses, intensifying multiple stressors associated with marine global change could intensify and destabilize these unstudied grazer-disease-plant interactions. To test the global generality of this potentially keystone ecological interaction, this project will answer the following questions with a combination of multi-site surveys and manipulations across 4 ecosystems spanning 2 continents: 1) Is grazer facilitation of fungal disease in marine plants a common but overlooked interaction? 2) What is the resultant impact of grazer-facilitated fungal infection on marine plant growth? 3) How do multiple stressors impact the strength of grazer facilitation of fungal disease in marine plants? The work represents a transformative step forward in our understanding of plant-grazer interactions in marine ecosystems as it fills a > 100-year intellectual gap in our understanding of top-down control in marine plant ecosystems: Do small grazers commonly facilitate fungal disease in marine plants and does this interaction suppress plant growth?
Evidence for this cryptic, yet powerful mechanism of grazer regulation of marine plants will compel marine ecologists to reevaluate our understanding of top-down control and lead to widespread integration of disease dynamics in marine food web ecology.
The consequences of marine plant ecosystem health are far-reaching for humans, since these communities provide many essential services. Results from this study will allow managers to better predict effects of disease and global change on marine plant systems and formulate effective strategies for conservation. To help integrate plant disease dynamics into marine ecology and conservation, the investigator will: (1) produce an edited volume on Food Webs and Disease in Marine Ecosystems and (2) work closely with The Nature Conservancy to incorporate findings into their global marine learning exchanges. In addition, an integrated educational plan will increase student: (1) understanding of disease and food web dynamics in marine ecosystems and (2) consideration of marine science careers.";
String projects_0_end_date "2017-03";
String projects_0_geolocation "Coastal Plant Ecosystems in North and South America.";
String projects_0_name "Small Grazers, Multiple Stressors and the Proliferation of Fungal Disease in Marine Plant Ecosystems";
String projects_0_project_nid "649745";
String projects_0_start_date "2014-01";
String publisher_name "Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)";
String publisher_type "institution";
String sourceUrl "(local files)";
String standard_name_vocabulary "CF Standard Name Table v55";
String summary "These data represent the time-averaged value of each variable measured monthly in each plot over the course of a 10 month experiment carried out on intertidal mud and sandflats located within the Zeke\\u2019s Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (33.95 N, 77.94 W), North Carolina, USA.";
String title "[Mean Plot-Level Responses] - Mean plot-level responses observed in an experiment conducted at Zeke's Island National Estuarine Research Reserve where abundance of the seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla was manipulated to assess impact on multiple ecosystem functions ( Small Grazers, Multiple Stressors and the Proliferation of Fungal Disease in Marine Plant Ecosystems)";
String version "1";
String xml_source "osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3";
}
}
Data Access Protocol (DAP) and its
selection constraints.
The URL specifies what you want: the dataset, a description of the graph or the subset of the data, and the file type for the response.
Tabledap request URLs must be in the form
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/datasetID.fileType{?query}
For example,
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/pmelTaoDySst.htmlTable?longitude,latitude,time,station,wmo_platform_code,T_25&time>=2015-05-23T12:00:00Z&time<=2015-05-31T12:00:00Z
Thus, the query is often a comma-separated list of desired variable names,
followed by a collection of
constraints (e.g., variable<value),
each preceded by '&' (which is interpreted as "AND").
For details, see the tabledap Documentation.