ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_489014

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	FGDC, ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	[Palau carbonate chemistry] - Seawater carbonate chemistry from 13 sites in Palau collected from small boats in the Palauan archipelago from 2011-2013 (An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification)		F   I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_489014

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Surface water samples (0-3m, n=195) for salinity, nutrients, total alkalinity (TA), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were collected from reef sites throughout the Palauan archipelago at multiple time points between sunrise and sunset on September 19-24, 2011; March 28-April 7, 2012; December 7-9, 2012; and November 1-15, 2013 (detailed water sampling procedure in Shamberger et al. (2014)). Sampling was performed from small boats taken out daily from the Palau International Coral Reef Center (PICRC). In situ temperature was measured in 2011 with TidbiT v2 water temperature data loggers produced by Onset with a manufacturer stated accuracy of 0.2 degrees C, in 2012 with a RBR XR-620 CTD with a manufacturer stated temperature accuracy of +/-0.002 degrees C, and in 2013 with a Sontek Castaway CTD with a manufacturer stated temperature accuracy of +/-0.05 degrees C. Surface water (0-3 m) samples were collected multiple times a day between sunrise and sunset and on 3-9 separate days for each site from a Niskin bottle into 300 ml glass bottles (TA/DIC) and 125 ml glass bottles (salinity). Approximately 5 ml were removed from each bottle to allow headspace for expansion and each TA/DIC sample was poisoned with 50 ul saturated mercuric chloride solution immediately after collection to inhibit biological activity and then sealed with screw tops and tape. TA and DIC analyses were performed using a Versatile Instrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA, Marianda Analytics and Data), which uses open cell potentiometric (TA) and coulometric (DIC) titrations, and standardized using certified reference materials obtained from Andrew Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Dickson 2001, Dickson et al. 2007). Analysis of replicate samples (n=13) showed a mean precision of ~2 umol/kg for TA and ~1 umol/kg for DIC.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	54896
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-1041106
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1041106
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_nid	String	520400
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_number	String	OCE-1220529
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1220529
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_award_nid	String	560427
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_award_number	String	OCE-1031971
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1031971
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Carbonate chemistry data from 13 coral reef sites in Palau PI: Anne Cohen (WHOI) Co-PIs: D. McCorkle (WHOI), A. Tarrant (WHOI), S. de Putron (BIOS), K. Karnauskas (WHOI) Contact: Hannah Barkley or Anne Cohen (WHOI); K. Shamberger (TAMU) Version History: updated/current version: 23 June 2015 original data submitted by K.Shamberger (TAMU): 29 Jan 2014
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2014-01-29T20:31:51Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-11-14T19:48:11Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.489014.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	134.557
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	7.577
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	7.158
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	134.557
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	134.349
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/489014
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_acronym	String	Niskin bottle
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description	String	Surface water (0-3 m) samples were collected multiple times a day between sunrise and sunset and on 3-9 separate days for each site from a Niskin bottle into 300 ml glass bottles (TA/DIC) and 125 ml glass bottles (salinity).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid	String	489282
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_description	String	A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24 or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_name	String	Niskin bottle
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_nid	String	413
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_supplied_name	String	Niskin bottle
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_acronym	String	Water Temp Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_dataset_instrument_description	String	In 2011, in situ temperature was measured with TidbiT v2 water temperature data loggers produced by Onset with a manufacturer stated accuracy of 0.2 degrees C. In 2012, in situ temperature was measured with a RBR XR-620 CTD with a manufacturer stated temperature accuracy of +/- 0.002 degrees C. Information from the manufacturers:TidbiT v2 Temperature Data LoggerRBR XR-620
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid	String	489281
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_description	String	General term for an instrument that measures the temperature of the water with which it is in contact (thermometer).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/134/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_name	String	Water Temperature Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_nid	String	647
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_supplied_name	String	Water Temperature Sensors
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_acronym	String	inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_dataset_instrument_description	String	TA and DIC analyses were performed with a Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) produced by Marianda Marine Analytics and Data. The VINDTA uses coulometric titration for DIC analysis and an open cell potentiometric titration for TA analysis.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_dataset_instrument_nid	String	489284
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_description	String	The Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) 3C is a laboratory alkalinity titration system combined with an extraction unit for coulometric titration, which simultaneously determines the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon content of a sample. The sample transport is performed with peristaltic pumps and acid is added to the sample using a membrane pump. No pressurizing system is required and only one gas supply (nitrogen or dry and CO2-free air) is necessary. The system uses a Metrohm Titrino 719S, an ORION-Ross pH electrode and a Metrohm reference electrode. The burette, the pipette and the analysis cell have a water jacket around them. Precision is typically +/- 1 umol/kg for TA and/or DIC in open ocean water.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0481/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_instrument_name	String	MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_instrument_nid	String	686
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_supplied_name	String	VINDTA
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	altimetry, ammonia, ammonium, bco, bco-dmo, bicarbonate, biological, carbon, carbon dioxide, carbonate, chemical, chemistry, co2, CO2_diss, co3, concentration, data, dataset, date, dic, dioxide, diss, dmo, earth, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Ammonia, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Nitrate, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > pH, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Phosphate, erddap, laboratory, latitude, longitude, management, mass, mass_concentration_of_phosphate_in_sea_water, mole, mole_concentration_of_ammonium_in_sea_water, mole_concentration_of_nitrate_in_sea_water, n02, name, nh4, nitrate, no3, NO3_NO2, ocean, oceanography, oceans, office, omega, omega_Ar, omega_Ca, pCO2, phosphate, po4, preliminary, reported, sal, satellite, scale, science, sea, sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scale, seawater, site, site_name, temperature, time, time2, total, water
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords_vocabulary	String	GCMD Science Keywords
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/489014/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/489014
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	7.577
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'489014': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/489014/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Anne L Cohen
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51428
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Lead Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	BIOS
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Samantha J. de Putron
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	51431
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Kristopher Karnauskas
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	560431
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_person_name	String	Daniel C McCorkle
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_person_nid	String	51429
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_person_name	String	Ann M. Tarrant
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_person_nid	String	51430
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_person_name	String	Hannah Barkley
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_person_nid	String	560803
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_affiliation	String	Texas A&M University
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_affiliation_acronym	String	TAMU
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_person_name	String	Kathryn E.F. Shamberger
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_person_nid	String	488857
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_6_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_person_name	String	Shannon Rauch
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_person_nid	String	51498
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_7_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification,Coral Reef Ecosystem OA Impact,Thermal Thresholds and Projections
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	The project description is a modification of the original NSF award abstract. This research project is part of the larger NSF funded CRI-OA collaborative research initiative and was funded as an Ocean Acidification-Category 1, 2010 award. Over the course of this century, all tropical coral reef ecosystems, whether fringing heavily populated coastlines or lining remote islands and atolls, face unprecedented threat from ocean acidification caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2. In many laboratory experiments conducted to date, calcium carbonate production (calcification) by scleractinian (stony) corals showed an inverse correlation to seawater saturation state OMEGAar), whether OMEGAar was manipulated by acid or CO2 addition. Based on these data, it is predicted that coral calcification rates could decline by up to 80% of modern values by the end of this century. A growing body of new experimental data however, suggests that the coral calcification response to ocean acidification may be less straightforward and a lot more variable than previously recognized. In at least 10 recent experiments including our own, 8 different tropical and temperate species reared under nutritionally-replete but significantly elevated CO2 conditions (780-1200 ppm, OMEAGar ~1.5-2), continued to calcify at rates comparable to conspecifics reared under ambient CO2. These experimental results are consistent with initial field data collected on reefs in the eastern Pacific and southern Oman, where corals today live and accrete their skeletons under conditions equivalent to 2X and 3X pre-industrial CO2. On these high CO2, high nutrient reefs (where nitrate concentrations typically exceed 2.5 micro-molar), coral growth rates rival, and sometimes even exceed, those of conspecifics in low CO2, oligotrophic reef environments. The investigators propose that a coral's energetic status, tightly coupled to the availability of inorganic nutrients and/or food, is a key factor in the calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Their hypothesis, if confirmed by the proposed laboratory investigations, implies that predicted changes in coastal and open ocean nutrient concentrations over the course of this century, driven by both climate impacts on ocean stratification and by increased human activity in coastal regions, could play a critical role in exacerbating and in some areas, modulating the coral reef response to ocean acidification. This research program builds on the investigators initial results and observations. The planned laboratory experiments will test the hypothesis that: (1) The coral calcification response to ocean acidification is linked to the energetic status of the coral host. The relative contribution of symbiont photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding to a coral's energetic status varies amongst species. Enhancing the energetic status of corals reared under high CO2, either by stimulating photosynthesis with inorganic nutrients or by direct heterotrophic feeding of the host lowers the sensitivity of calcification to decreased seawater OMEGAar; (2) A species-specific threshold CO2 level exists over which enhanced energetic status can no longer compensate for decreased OMEGAar of the external seawater. Similarly, we will test the hypothesis that a nutrient threshold exists over which nutrients become detrimental for calcification even under high CO2 conditions; and (3) Temperature-induced reduction of algal symbionts is one stressor that can reduce the energetic reserve of the coral host and exacerbate the calcification response to ocean acidification. The investigator's initial findings highlight the critical importance of energetic status in the coral calcification response to ocean acidification. Verification of these findings in the laboratory, and identification of nutrient and CO2 thresholds for a range of species will have immediate, direct impact on predictions of reef resilience in a high CO2 world. The research project brings together a diverse group of expertise in coral biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, molecular biology and coral reproductive ecology to focus on a problem that has enormous societal, economic and conservation relevance.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2013-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	global; experimental
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	2183
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2010-10
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_acronym	String	Coral Reef Ecosystem OA Impact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_description	String	text copied from the NSF award abstract: Much of our understanding of the impact of ocean acidification on coral reef calcification comes from laboratory manipulation experiments in which reef organisms are removed from their natural habitat and reared under conditions of calcium carbonate saturation (Omega) predicted for the tropical oceans at the end of this century. By comparison, there is a paucity of in situ data describing the sensitivity of coral reef ecosystems to changes in calcium carbonate saturation. Yet emerging evidence suggests there may be critical differences between the calcification response of organisms in culture and the net calcification response of a coral reef ecosystem, to the same degree of change in calcium carbonate saturation. In the majority of cases, the sensitivity of net reef calcification to changing calcium carbonate saturation is more severe than laboratory manipulation experiments predict. Clearly, accurate predictions of the response of coral reef ecosystems to 21st century ocean acidification will depend on a robust characterization of ecosystem-scale responses and an understanding of the fundamental processes that shape them. Using existing data, the investigators show that the sensitivity of coral reef ecosystem calcification to Delta calcium carbonate saturation conforms to the empirical rate equation R=k(Aragonite saturation state -1)n, which also describes the relationship between the rate of net abiogenic CaCO3 precipitation (R) and the degree of Aragonite supersaturation (Aragonite saturation state-1). By implication, the net ecosystem calcification (NEC) response to ocean acidification is governed by fundamental laws of physical chemistry and is potentially predictable across space and time. When viewed this way, the existing, albeit sparse, dataset of NEC reveals distinct patterns that, if verified, have important implications for how different coral reef ecosystems will respond to 21st century ocean acidification. The investigators have outlined a research program designed to build on this proposition. The project expands the currently sparse dataset of ecosystem-scale observations at four strategically placed reef sites: 2 sites in the Republic of Palau, Caroline Islands, Micronesia, western Pacific Ocean; a third at Dongsha Atoll, Pratas Islands, South China Sea; and the fourth at Kingman Reef, US Northern Line Islands, 6 deg. 23 N, 162 deg. 25 W.  The four selected sites will allow investigators to test the following hypotheses: (1) The sensitivity ("n" in the rate equation) of coral reef ecosystem calcification to Delta Aragonite saturation state decreases with decreasing Aragonite saturation state. By implication, the rate at which reef calcification declines will slow as ocean acidification progresses over the course of this century. (2) The energetic status of the calcifying community is a key determinant of absolute rates of net ecosystem calcification ("k" in the rate equation), which, combined with n, defines the Aragonite saturation state value at which NEC approaches zero. By implication, the shift from net calcification to net dissolution will be delayed in healthy, energetically replete coral reef ecosystems and accelerated in perturbed, energetically depleted ecosystems. and (3) The calcification response of individual colonies of dominant reef calcifiers (corals and algae) is weaker than the measured ecosystem-scale response to the same change in Aragonite saturation state. By implication, processes not adequately captured in laboratory experiments, such as bioerosion and dissolution, will play an important role in the coral reef response to ocean acidification. Broader Impacts: Ocean acidification threatens the livelihoods of 500 million people worldwide who depend on coral reefs to provide habitable and agricultural land, food, building materials, coastal protection and income from tourism. Yet data emerging from ocean acidification (OA) studies point to critical gaps in our knowledge of reef ecosystem-scale responses to OA that currently limit our ability to predict the timing and severity of its impact on different reefs in different parts of the world. Using existing data generated by the investigators and others, this project will address a series of related hypotheses, which, if verified by the research, will have an immediate, direct impact on predictions of coral reef resilience in a high CO2 world. This project brings together expertise in coral reef biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography and physical oceanography to focus on a problem that has enormous societal, economic and conservation relevance. In addition to sharing the resultant data via BCO-DMO, project data will also be contributed to the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) data collection hosted at the PANGAEA Open Access library (http://www.pangaea.de).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_end_date	String	2015-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_geolocation	String	Republic of Palau, Caroline Islands, Micronesia, western Pacific Ocean; Dongsha Atoll, Pratas Islands, South China Sea; Kingman Reef, US Northern Line Islands, 6 deg. 23 N, 162 deg. 25 W
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_name	String	Toward Predicting the Impact of Ocean Acidification on Net Calcification by a Broad Range of Coral Reef Ecosystems: Identifying Patterns and Underlying Causes
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_project_nid	String	520413
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_start_date	String	2012-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_acronym	String	Thermal Thresholds and Projections
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_description	String	Description from NSF award abstract: Sea surface temperature (SST) across much of the global tropics has increased by 0.5-1 degrees C in the past 4 decades and, with it, the frequency and geographic extent of coral bleaching events and reef mortality. As levels of atmospheric CO2 continue to rise, there is mounting concern that CO2-induced climate change will pose the single greatest threat to the survival of coral reefs. Averaged output of 21 IPCC climate models for a mid-range CO2 emissions scenario predicts that tropical SSTs will increase another 1.5-3 degrees C by the end of this century. Combined with current estimates of thermal thresholds for coral bleaching, the outlook for the future of coral-reef ecosystems, worldwide, appears bleak. There are several key issues that limit accurate predictions of the full and lasting impact of rising SSTs. These include (1) level of confidence in the spatial and temporal patterns of the predicted warming, (2) knowledge of thermal thresholds of different reef-building coral species, and (3) the potential for corals to increase resistance to thermal stress through repeated exposure to high temperature events. New skeletal markers have been developed that constrain the thermal thresholds and adaptive potential of multiple, individual coral colonies across 3-D space and through time. The method, based on 3-D CAT scan reconstructions of coral skeletons, has generated initial data from two coral species in the Red Sea, Great Barrier Reef and Phoenix Islands. Results showed that large, abrupt declines in skeletal growth occur at thresholds of accumulated heat stress defined by NOAA's Degree Heating Weeks Index (DHWs). In addition, there was a significant correlation between host lipid reserve, an independent measure of stress and mortality risk, and rates of skeletal growth. Because the coral skeleton archives the history of each coral's response to and recovery from successive, documented thermal anomalies, this approach pinpoints the thermal thresholds for sub-lethal impacts, the recovery time (if any) following a return to normal oceanographic conditions, and tests for a dampened response following successive events, indicative of acclimation. This research program builds on initial work, focusing on method refinement and application to corals on two central Pacific reefs. With contrasting thermal histories, these reefs are considered at greatest risk from future ocean warming. In parallel, new experiments will be run on an ocean general-circulation model (OGCM) that is well suited to the tropical Pacific and of sufficiently high resolution, both horizontal and vertical, to maximize projections of thermal stress on specific central Pacific Reef sites over the next few decades. The OGCM output will also be of sufficient temporal resolution to compute DHWs, thus addressing a major limitation of the direct application of global climate model output (as archived for the IPCC AR4) toward coral-reef studies. Specifically, this study will: (1) collect multiple new, medium-length (15-30 yrs) cores and branches from two dominant reef-building species at 1-30m depth in the Gilbert and Jarvis Islands, central tropical Pacific; (2) apply 3-D CAT scanning and image analysis techniques to quantify systematically thermal thresholds, rates of recovery and resilience for each species, at each reef site and with depth; (3) quantify energetic reserve and symbiont genotype amongst thermally more- and less- resilient colonies, establishing a quantitative link between calcification stress and mortality risk, and determining the physiological basis for calcification responses to thermal stress; (4) use an OGCM specifically tailored to the tropical Pacific to produce a dynamically consistent set of forecasts for near-term climate change at the target reef sites; and (5) combine coral data with model output and refine the projected thermal stress forecast, in degree heating weeks, for corals in this central Pacific Island group over the 21st century.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_end_date	String	2014-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_name	String	Constraining Thermal Thresholds and Projections of Temperature Stress on Pacific Coral Reefs Over the 21st Century: Method Refinement and Application
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_project_nid	String	560428
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_start_date	String	2010-10
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	7.158
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Seawater carbonate chemistry from 13 sites in Palau collected from small boats in the Palauan archipelago from 2011-2013.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	[Palau carbonate chemistry] - Seawater carbonate chemistry from 13 sites in Palau collected from small boats in the Palauan archipelago from 2011-2013 (An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	134.349
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	site_name		String
attribute	site_name	bcodmo_name	String	Site_Desig
attribute	site_name	description	String	Name of the site.
attribute	site_name	long_name	String	Site Name
attribute	site_name	units	String	dimensionless
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	7.158, 7.577
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	Latitude of the sampling location.
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	134.349, 134.557
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	Longitude of the sampling location.
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	date		int
attribute	date	_FillValue	int	2147483647
attribute	date	actual_range	int	20110919, 20131112
attribute	date	bcodmo_name	String	date_local
attribute	date	description	String	Date (as year-month-day); in local time zone. in YYYYmmdd format.
attribute	date	long_name	String	Date
attribute	date	units	String	unitless
variable	time2		String
attribute	time2	bcodmo_name	String	time_local
attribute	time2	description	String	Time (hours and minutes); 24-hour clock; local time zone.
attribute	time2	long_name	String	Time
attribute	time2	units	String	HHMM
variable	TA		float
attribute	TA	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	TA	actual_range	float	1858.702, 2245.173
attribute	TA	bcodmo_name	String	TALK
attribute	TA	description	String	Total alkalinity.
attribute	TA	long_name	String	TA
attribute	TA	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP014/
attribute	TA	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	DIC		float
attribute	DIC	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	DIC	actual_range	float	1705.471, 1947.879
attribute	DIC	bcodmo_name	String	DIC
attribute	DIC	description	String	Dissolved inorganic carbon.
attribute	DIC	long_name	String	DIC
attribute	DIC	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	sal		float
attribute	sal	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	sal	actual_range	float	30.022, 34.137
attribute	sal	bcodmo_name	String	sal
attribute	sal	description	String	Salinity.
attribute	sal	long_name	String	Sal
attribute	sal	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PSALST01/
attribute	sal	units	String	dimensionless
variable	temp		float
attribute	temp	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	temp	actual_range	float	26.842, 32.092
attribute	temp	bcodmo_name	String	temperature
attribute	temp	description	String	Water temperature.
attribute	temp	long_name	String	Temperature
attribute	temp	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/TEMPP901/
attribute	temp	units	String	degrees Celsius ( C)
variable	pH		float
attribute	pH	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	pH	actual_range	float	7.78, 8.164
attribute	pH	bcodmo_name	String	pH
attribute	pH	colorBarMaximum	double	9.0
attribute	pH	colorBarMinimum	double	7.0
attribute	pH	description	String	pH.
attribute	pH	long_name	String	Sea Water Ph Reported On Total Scale
attribute	pH	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PHXXZZXX/
attribute	pH	units	String	dimensionless
variable	pCO2		float
attribute	pCO2	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	pCO2	actual_range	float	264.613, 717.26
attribute	pCO2	bcodmo_name	String	pCO2
attribute	pCO2	description	String	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
attribute	pCO2	long_name	String	P CO2
attribute	pCO2	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PCO2C101/
attribute	pCO2	units	String	micro-atmospheres (uatm)
variable	CO2_diss		float
attribute	CO2_diss	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	CO2_diss	actual_range	float	6.842, 18.124
attribute	CO2_diss	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	CO2_diss	description	String	Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2).
attribute	CO2_diss	long_name	String	CO2 Diss
attribute	CO2_diss	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	bicarbonate		float
attribute	bicarbonate	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	bicarbonate	actual_range	float	1470.431, 1758.909
attribute	bicarbonate	bcodmo_name	String	bicarbonate
attribute	bicarbonate	description	String	Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) concentration.
attribute	bicarbonate	long_name	String	Bicarbonate
attribute	bicarbonate	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	carbonate		float
attribute	carbonate	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	carbonate	actual_range	float	112.525, 267.699
attribute	carbonate	bcodmo_name	String	carbonate
attribute	carbonate	description	String	Carbonate ion (CO3-) concentration.
attribute	carbonate	long_name	String	Carbonate
attribute	carbonate	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	omega_Ca		float
attribute	omega_Ca	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	omega_Ca	actual_range	float	2.836, 6.553
attribute	omega_Ca	bcodmo_name	String	Calcite Saturation State
attribute	omega_Ca	description	String	The saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite.
attribute	omega_Ca	long_name	String	Omega Ca
attribute	omega_Ca	units	String	dimensionless
variable	omega_Ar		float
attribute	omega_Ar	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	omega_Ar	actual_range	float	1.86, 4.365
attribute	omega_Ar	bcodmo_name	String	OM_ar
attribute	omega_Ar	description	String	The saturation state of seawater with respect to aragonite.
attribute	omega_Ar	long_name	String	Omega Ar
attribute	omega_Ar	units	String	dimensionless
variable	NH4		float
attribute	NH4	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	NH4	actual_range	float	0.015, 1.884
attribute	NH4	bcodmo_name	String	Ammonium
attribute	NH4	colorBarMaximum	double	5.0
attribute	NH4	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	NH4	description	String	Ammonium (NH4+) concentration.
attribute	NH4	long_name	String	Mole Concentration Of Ammonium In Sea Water
attribute	NH4	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/AMONAAZX/
attribute	NH4	units	String	micromolar (uM)
variable	PO4		float
attribute	PO4	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	PO4	actual_range	float	0.009, 5.689
attribute	PO4	bcodmo_name	String	PO4
attribute	PO4	description	String	Phosphate (PO4---) concentration.
attribute	PO4	long_name	String	Mass Concentration Of Phosphate In Sea Water
attribute	PO4	units	String	micromolar (uM)
variable	NO3_NO2		float
attribute	NO3_NO2	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	NO3_NO2	actual_range	float	0.015, 1.878
attribute	NO3_NO2	bcodmo_name	String	NO3_NO2
attribute	NO3_NO2	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	NO3_NO2	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	NO3_NO2	description	String	Nitrate/nitrite (NO3-/NO2-) concentration.
attribute	NO3_NO2	long_name	String	Mole Concentration Of Nitrate In Sea Water
attribute	NO3_NO2	units	String	micromolar (uM)

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