ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_516621

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	FGDC, ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
	set	data	graph		files	public	[macroalgal and coral cover] - Macroalgal and coral cover by species at 4x5 m plots, Panama, 1984-2010 (EPac Corals projects I-VII) (Ecological Effects of the 1982/83 El Nino-Associated Disturbance to Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs)		F   I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_516621

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Assessment of coral cover on the study reef began in 1974 (Glynn 1976) and continued to 2010. This was accomplished by fixed chain transect sites (n = 10 transects per survey period, 1974 to 2010) and by sampling fixed 1 m2 plots (n = 11 plots per survey period, 1994 to 2010) as well as a single 4 \u00d7 5 m2 plot (n = 1, with the 20 m2 plot subdivided into 20 1 m2 quadrats, 1984 to 2010). Chain transects were established along the ~350 m long forereef base zone between 3 and 5 m depth, relative to the mean lower low water (MLLW) tidal datum, in the mid-1970s from strictly random site locations determined from an Uva Island reef grid map with numbered axes (Glynn 1976). A second set of 10 fixed transects was located upslope from the reef base in 1985 to monitor denser coral cover at slightly shallower depths following the 1982-1983 mortality event (Glynn et al, 2014,\u00a0Fig. 1C). Most benthic sampling was conducted near, but not within the fish transects (see \u2018fish species counts\u2019) to minimize diver presence. During each of 20 survey periods, 10 to 20 chain transects were sampled. Coral species live cover and substrate type (e.g. rubble, turf algae, sponges) were enumerated according to the chain links (73 links m-1) resting on these categories. The chain transect sampling was designed to determine the advance or retreat of live coral cover along the deep reef base and slope zones. Coral monitoring was carried out at different times during the 5 to 7 d sampling periods, usually 2 to 3 d before the fish monitoring. The 1 m2 plots were located at the northern end of the reef in the reef slope and base zones representative of the fish transect substrate cover. The benthic composition and cover of the 1 m2 plots were drawn by divers underwater and then digitized using a flat - bed scanner, Adobe Photoshop and ImageJ software. Percent coral cover was determined by dividing the number of pixels representing coral within a quadrat by the total number of pixels in that quadrat. For each year of sampling of the 4 \u00d7 5 m2 plot, all 20 1 m2 quadrats were mapped and their composition and cover determined as in the 1 m2 plots above; these values were averaged to determine the total mean percent coral cover for each survey period. The 4 \u00d7 5 m2 plot was established by R. H. Richmond in the reef slope zone immediately following the 1982- 1983 El Ni\u00f1o event when coral cover on the forereef was reduced to near-zero values. This location was selected to monitor live coral recovery; it is situated at 1 to 2 m depth, between and slightly overlapping fish transects, Transects 1 and 2 (see Glynn et al, 2014,\u00a0\u2018Fish monitoring\u2019). Table S1 in the Supplement at [www.int- res.com/articles/suppl/m495p233_supp.pdf](\\"http://www.int- res.com/articles/suppl/m495p233_supp.pdf\\") summarizes all coral sampling records with information on time of sampling, season and number of samples completed.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	514213
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-8415615
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8415615
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	Emma R Dieter
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	51484
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_nid	String	514214
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_number	String	OCE-8716726
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8716726
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager	String	Phillip R. Taylor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager_nid	String	50451
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_award_nid	String	514232
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_award_number	String	OCE-9018392
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9018392
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_program_manager	String	Phillip R. Taylor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_2_program_manager_nid	String	50451
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_award_nid	String	514233
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_award_number	String	OCE-9314798
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9314798
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_program_manager	String	Phillip R. Taylor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_3_program_manager_nid	String	50451
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_award_nid	String	514234
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_award_number	String	OCE-9711529
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9711529
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_program_manager	String	Phillip R. Taylor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_4_program_manager_nid	String	50451
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_award_nid	String	514235
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_award_number	String	OCE-0002317
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0002317
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_program_manager	String	Phillip R. Taylor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_5_program_manager_nid	String	50451
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_award_nid	String	514236
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_award_number	String	OCE-0526361
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_data_url	String	http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0526361
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_6_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	coral and macroalgal cover Panama P. Glynn (UM-RSMAS) version: 2 June 2014
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2014-06-11T14:51:06Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2020-03-04T20:31:58Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.516621.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	-81.759
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	7.814
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	7.814
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	-81.759
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	-81.759
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/516621
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	area, bco, bco-dmo, benthic, benthic_cover, biological, chemical, cover, data, dataset, dmo, erddap, latitude, longitude, management, month, oceanography, office, plot, preliminary, year
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/516621/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/516621
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	7.814
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'516621': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/516621/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	UM-RSMAS
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Peter Glynn
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	514244
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	University of California-Los Angeles
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	UCLA
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Peggy Fong
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	514245
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Nancy Copley
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	50396
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: I,EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: II,EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: IV,EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: III,EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: V,EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: VI,EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: VII
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: I
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	1988-07
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Ecological Effects of the 1982/83 El Nino-Associated Disturbance to Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	514447
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	1985-02
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: II
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_description	String	The severe 1982-83 ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) event caused historically unprecedented and catastrophic disturbances to the Eastern Pacific coral reefs. In the aftermath of this event, disturbances to the reefs have continued and may have accelerated. Coupled with low coral recruitment, reef recovery could well take many years. The ecological effects and cause(s) of this regional disturbance have been investigated by a team of Latin and North American colleagues and students in Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador (Galapagos Islands) from 1983 to 1984 (Smithsonian Institution support) and from 1985 to 1987 (NSF support). This proposal focuses on coral reef recovery, disturbance processes per se, and retrospective analyses to be studied by a multidisciplinary, international team. Secondary or delayed disturbance effects that will be studied are (a) the disruption of biotic barriers allowing predator (Acanthaster planci) entry to coral prey refugia, (b) predator (corallivore) concentration on surviving coral prey, (c) post-El Nino sea urchin bioerosion of damaged reef frames, (d) damselfish colonization of damaged massive corals, and (e) damselfish/sea urchin/corallivore interactions vis-a-vis massive coral survival. Recovery processes will be studied chiefly with respect to the recruitment of calcifying organisms (corals and coralline algae) onto formerly occupied reef surfaces including examiniation of patch size, character of colonists (asexual or sexual propagules), and relative abundances of surrounding species. Retrospective studies (sclerochronology, oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses, cadmium analysis, and fluorescent banding patterns) will also be performed on coral cores dating back at least to 1601 to provide a long-term record of ENSO disturbances. Since it is likely that major El Nino disturbances are recurring events, such information should provide a firm basis for understanding the processes controlling coral reef development and distribution in the tropical eastern Pacific.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_end_date	String	1991-12
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_name	String	Effects of the 1982-83 El Nino Event on Tropical, Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs: Disturbance, Recovery and Retrospective Analyses
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_project_nid	String	514456
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_1_start_date	String	1988-01
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: IV
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_description	String	This research will continue a long-term study that has focused on ecological disturbances to eastern Pacific coral reefs that accompanied the sever and historically unprecedented 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The study involves international collaboration with host- county research teams and primary field sites in Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), areas heavily impacted by the 1982-83 ENSO. Dr. Glynn will lead the research to continue (a) with the physical and biotic monitoring of eastern Pacific coral reefs initiated in the early-mid 1970s, (b) investigating the responses of different coral species to ENSO stressors, (c) studying coral reproductive ecology as it relates to recruitment success, and (d) documenting coral community recovery. New research directions include (e) remote sensing, which will attempt to link coral bleaching/mortality with local and global scale sea surface temperatures by means of synoptic and repeated measurements, and (f) modeling of coral population and community dynamics based on mechanistic relationships between temperature, predation, coral growth, and survivorship derived from field monitoring and experimental results. Because important secondary disturbances are still occurring and reef recovery has been slow, it is necessary to continue this study in order to understand the variety of changes involved and the full impact of a major disturbance on eastern Pacific coral survival and reef building. We are hopeful that ENSO warming disturbances can provide some insight to the probable changes in coral reefs worldwide if projected global warming causes repeated and/or protracted sea temperature increases comparable to the 1982-83 ENSO.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_end_date	String	1997-05
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_name	String	El Nino Impacted Coral Reefs In The Tropical Eastern Pacific: Secondary Disturbances, Recovery and Modeling of Population and Community Responses.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_project_nid	String	514461
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_2_start_date	String	1994-06
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/83 El Nino: III
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_description	String	This long-term study focuses on the ecological disturbances to eastern Pacific coral reefs that accompanied the severe and historically unprecedented 1982-83 ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) event. During the first 3-year segment (1985-87) of the study a strong causative link was established between prolonged sea warming and numerous kinds of primary disturbances. During the first and second 3-year (1988-90) study periods the team of workers involved in this study have (a) demonstrated the importance of several secondary (long-term) disturbance processes, (b) revealed the extent of recovery and continuing reef destruction to date, and (c) provided some indication of the frequency of severe El Nino disturbances to coral reefs in an historical context. Because some important secondary disturbances are still occurring, and reef recovery has been slow (Costa Rica, Panama) or non-existent (Galapagos Islands), it is necessary to continue with this study in order to understand the variety of changes involved and the full impact of a major disturbance on coral reef survival and the potential for continued reef building. ENSO warming disturbances can provide some clues to the probable changes in coral reefs worldwide if global warming causes repeated and/or protracted sea temperature increases comparable to the 1982-83 El Nino event.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_end_date	String	1995-03
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_name	String	Effects of the 1982-83 El Nino Event on Tropical Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs: Disturbances, Causes, Recovery and Retrospective Analyses
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_project_nid	String	514465
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_3_start_date	String	1991-04
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: V
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_description	String	This project will long term study that has focused on ecological disturbances, causes, and the responses of eastern Pacific reef coral populations and reef communities during and following the severe and historically unprecedented 1982 1983 El Nino / Southrn Oscillation (ENSO) event. This study involves strong international collaboration with host country research teams working at several field sites in Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), all areas that were severely affected during the 1982 1983 ENSO disturbance. This study will continue with (a) monitoring the physical and biological conditions of eastern Pacific coral reefs initiated in the early to mid 1970s, (b) investigating the responses of different coral species to ENSO stressors (chiefly positive sea temperature anomalies) under controlled microcosm conditions, (c) studying coral reproductive ecology as it relates to recruitment success in field surveys, and (d) documenting coral community recovery or changes leading to alternate, non reef building communities. New research directions initiated in 1994 will be pursued, namely (e) an attempt to link coral bleaching/mortality with local and global scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, and (f) modeling the size structure of coral populations and coral community dynamics based on mechanistic relationships between temperature, predation, coral growth, and survivorship derived from field monitoring and experimental results. In addition, (g) analyses of the molecular genetic structure of the different zooxanthella taxa found in eastern Pacific corals to assess the importance of zooxanthellae diversity in explaining the variability in patterns of coral bleaching, and (h) recovering coral populations, to assess their genetic structure and diversity in relation to population size and distance from source populations, will be investigated.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_end_date	String	2000-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_name	String	El Nino Impacted Coral Reefs in the Tropical Eastern Pacific: Secondary Disturbances, Recovery and Effects on Community Diversity and Reef Growth
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_project_nid	String	514469
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_4_start_date	String	1997-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: VI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_description	String	This project will occur over a five year period to continue and conclude a long-term study that has focused on ecological disturbances, causes, responses and recovery of eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) reef?building coral populations and reef communities in relation to the severe 1982?1983 El Nino?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. With the occurrence of the very strong 1997?1998 ENSO, two "one hundred year events" only 15 years apart, an unprecedented opportunity is at hand to study and compare the effects of consecutive major perturbations on community responses and recovery. This study involves strong international collaboration with host?country research teams working at several field sites in Costa Rica, Panam.6, and Ecuador (including the Gal6pagos Islands), all areas that were severely affected during the ENSO disturbances of 1982?83 and 1997?98. Several aspects of this study will be continued, namely (a) monitoring the physical and biological conditions of eastern Pacific coral reefs initiated in the early?to?mid 1970s~ (b) investigating the responses of selected zooxanthellate coral species to ENSO stressors (chiefly positive sea temperature anomalies), (c) retrospective climate studies from coral skeletal isotopic signatures, (d) coral reproductive ecology as it relates to recruitment success in disturbed communities, (e) coral community recovery or changes leading to alternate, non?reef building communities, (f) the linking of coral bleaching/mortality with local and global-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, including both high and low temperature extremes, and (g) modeling the size structure of coral populations and coral community dynamics based on mechanistic relationships between temperature, predation, coral growth and survivorship derived from field monitoring and experimental results. Additionally, studies initiated in 1997 will also be continued, namely (h) analysis of the molecular genetic structure of zooxanthella taxa symbiotic with eastern Pacific corals to assess the importance of zooxanthella diversity in explaining the variability in patterns of coral bleaching and mortality/survivorship of host corals, and (i) assessment of the genetic structure and diversity of recovering and recently stressed coral populations in relation to stress resistance, population size and distance from source populations. New initiatives will include (j) coral?algal?herbivore interactions, and (k) trophodynamic/benthic community structure modeling in high SST?stressed upwelling and non-upwelling environments in order to assess the effects of ENSO perturbations and recovery processes on coral reef framework growth.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_end_date	String	2005-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_name	String	El Nino-Southern Oscillation 1982-83 and 1997-98 Impacted Coral Reefs in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific Region: Effects, Recovery and Inter-ENSO Comparisons
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_project_nid	String	514473
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_5_start_date	String	2000-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_acronym	String	EPac Corals 1982/82 El Nino: VII
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_description	String	This comprehensive and interdisciplinary study, focusing on El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) disturbances to eastern Pacific coral reefs, will broaden understanding of the impact and responses of coral reef ecosystems to climate change, particularly sea warming events and associated perturbations. The project is led by Dr. Peter Glynn and builds on a 35-year database of physical and biological studies, and involves a coordinated Latin American/U.S. network of teams working principally in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador (mainland and Galapagos Islands).  Intellectual merit. The chief objectives of this project are to continue and expand investigation into the causes of coral reef decline (both immediate and long-term), and the responses of reef coral populations, communities and ecosystem function in relation to ENSO disturbances. Key directions are investigations into mechanisms supporting documented rapid recovery, limitations to recovery that provide insight into ecosystem function, and the potential for eastern Pacific reefs to act as model systems to understand future impacts of global change in other reef systems.  Three elements of special significance that justify continuation of this multifaceted study are: (1) the long-term data base of eastern Pacific coral reef structure and reef-associated community composition pre-dating the first documented coral bleaching events of the 1980s,  (2) the causal relationship between global warming and reef degradation with demonstrable effects on coral community structure, coral growth and reef accretion, and coral framework erosion, and  (3) assessing future response potential and the capacity for acclimatization/adaptation in light of cumulative past responses.  New initiatives in the continuing project include (a) experiments relating coral reproduction and algal symbiont community structure during periods of temperature change, (b) characterization of deep reef thermal conditions vis-a-vis coral refugia, (c) field observations/experiments to compare effects of reef framework loss on metazoan recruitment, species diversity, and feeding rates, (d) coring reef frames to reveal taphonomic signatures of known ENSO events in order to determine the frequency of previous events, (e) relating carbonate chemistry of reef waters, e.g., pH, alkalinity and aragonite saturation states, to coral skeletal growth and density, (f) investigations into trophic structure complexity using N, C and S isotopes, (g) genetic structure of coral host and symbiont populations utilizing molecular and ribosomal DNA and protein electrophoresis to document shifts in thermally-tolerant groups, and (h) modeling of energy flow and ecosystem trophic processes and complexity.  Broader impacts. Peer reviewed publications now number 60, contributing to the disciplines of oceanography, paleoecology/paleoclimatology, geology, disturbance ecology (community recovery, phase shifts), trophodynamics, population dynamics (coral reproduction and recruitment, modeling, genetic structure and connectivity), and symbiont ecology. To date, 107 graduate and undergraduate students from Panama, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Colombia and the USA (plus 9 other countries) have participated in the project, resulting in the completion of 39 Ph.D. dissertations, M.S. theses and Honors reports. Students are trained in field methods for physical and biological sampling, species identifications, underwater and laboratory experiments (including instrumentation, design and data analysis), and train others in their respective countries.  These studies of ecological processes have aided in the establishment and management efforts of marine protected areas in Costa Rica (Cano Island National Park), Panama (Coiba National Park), and Ecuador (Galapagos National Park). In addition to international efforts, collaborator Peggy Fong has mentored 2 to 6 undergraduate researchers per quarter at UCLA over the last 10 years, many of whom are under-represented minorities in the federally supported outreach program.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_end_date	String	2012-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_geolocation	String	Eastern Pacific
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_name	String	El Nino-Southern Oscillation Disturbances On Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs: Patterns And Mechanisms Of Recovery
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_project_nid	String	514477
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_6_start_date	String	2005-10
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	7.814
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	subsetVariables	String	latitude,longitude
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Macroalgal and coral cover surveys were conducted at the Uva Island coral reef (7o48\u201950.43\u201dN, 81o45\u201932.41\u201dW), Gulf of Chiriqu\u00ed, Panama from 1984 to 2010.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	[macroalgal and coral cover] - Macroalgal and coral cover by species at 4x5 m plots, Panama, 1984-2010 (EPac Corals projects I-VII) (Ecological Effects of the 1982/83 El Nino-Associated Disturbance to Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	-81.759
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	year		short
attribute	year	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	year	actual_range	short	1984, 2007
attribute	year	bcodmo_name	String	year
attribute	year	description	String	sampling year
attribute	year	long_name	String	Year
attribute	year	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/YEARXXXX/
attribute	year	units	String	unitless
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	7.814, 7.814
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	latitude; north is positive
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	-81.759, -81.759
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	longitude; east is positive
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	month		byte
attribute	month	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	month	actual_range	byte	1, 12
attribute	month	bcodmo_name	String	month
attribute	month	description	String	sampling month
attribute	month	long_name	String	Month
attribute	month	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MNTHXXXX/
attribute	month	units	String	unitless
variable	plot		String
attribute	plot	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	plot	description	String	1 square meter quadrat identification
attribute	plot	long_name	String	Plot
attribute	plot	units	String	unitless
variable	benthic_cover		String
attribute	benthic_cover	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	benthic_cover	description	String	coral or macroalgal species name; also area measurement designations for parts of the scanned image.
attribute	benthic_cover	long_name	String	Benthic Cover
attribute	benthic_cover	units	String	unitless
variable	area		int
attribute	area	_FillValue	int	2147483647
attribute	area	actual_range	int	0, 177509386
attribute	area	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	area	description	String	area comprised of taxon or category from scanned drawing of quadrat
attribute	area	long_name	String	Area
attribute	area	units	String	pixels

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.