ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_643915

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	Growth of mature caged Sargassum polycystum fronds from MPAs and non-MPAs when reciprocally transplanted		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_643915

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	[Reference cited below are from Dell et al (2016) Plos One.] Study site and species: This study was conducted between January and May in 2013 and 2015 on the coral coast of Fiji\u2019s main island, Viti Levu, in the villages of Votua and Vatu-o-lailai (18\u00b012\u201932S, 177\u00b042\u201900E and 18\u00b012\u201913S, 177\u00b041\u201929E respectively; Fig 1). These villages are ~3km apart and each has jurisdiction over their stretch of reef flat; a habitat ranging between ~1.5 and 3m deep at high tide and between ~0 and 1.5m deep at low tide. In 2002, these villages established small areas (0.8km2 in Votua and 0.5 km2 in Vatu-o-lailai; Fig 1) as no-take MPAs [25]. Though MPA and non-MPA areas were initially similar in coral and macroalgal cover (33-42% macroalgal cover; 3-12% coral cover [25]), MPAs now differ significantly from the adjacent non-MPAs in benthic cover and fish diversity and abundance. MPAs now have ~56% live coral cover on hard substrate, ~2% macroalgal cover, ~8 fold higher biomass of herbivorous fishes, and higher recruitment of both fishes and corals than the non-MPAs [5,22]. Meanwhile the non-MPAs have lower fish biomass, 5-16% live coral cover on hard substrates and 51-92% macroalgal cover, the majority of which is comprised by Phaeophytes (primarily Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh [22]). In the MPAs, macroalgal cover is restricted to the shallowest, most shoreward areas (where access by herbivorous fishes appears limited), whereas macroalgal cover in the non-MPAs extends throughout the habitat. Thus, over distances of only a few hundred metres, there are dramatic differences in community composition that may impact the efficacy of factors controlling macroalgal populations, without the confounding factors of great differences in space or time. Effect of habitat and origin on the survival and growth of mature S. polycystum fronds We used Sargassum polycystum as a study organism because it is often the most conspicuous macroalgal species on degraded Pacific reefs and can grow to dominate large areas [22,28-30]. On reefs lacking adequate herbivory, S. polycystum can reach 8.55 kg wet weight per square metre [28] and its odour can suppress both fish and coral recruitment [5], potentially limiting reef recovery. In Fiji, perennial holdfasts start regenerating in December and by the end of its growing season in June, S. polycystum commonly dominates large expanses of the unprotected reef flats [22,29]. Around this time it may reproduce sexually via spores that disperse only one to three metres [31], suggesting the potential for reduced connectivity between even nearby sites. After June, S. polycystum senesces leaving the perennial rhizomes sheltered within the reef structure. Populations in our study area will have undergone about 10 generations since MPA establishment, which has been shown to be adequate time for population differentiation among some species if selection is strong [24,32]. The dearth of S. polycystum in the MPAs and its high abundance in the non-MPAs could be due to differing physical conditions in those locations. To investigate the role of physical conditions and to test whether S. polycystum in these areas was acclimatising to the different local conditions, a reciprocal transplant experiment was performed between the MPAs and non-MPAs at two villages to measure survival and growth of mature S. polycystum as a function of origin (from the MPA or non-MPA) and habitat (placed in the MPA or non-MPA) when the fronds were protected from herbivory in cages. The uppermost 15 centimetres of a S. polycystum frond was collected from 40 separate holdfasts in the MPA and 40 in the non-MPA of the villages of both Votua and Vatu-o-lailai. To minimise the likelihood of collecting multiple fronds from a single clone, the holdfasts were separated by at least two metres. The lowest five centimetres of each frond were defoliated, the fronds were then blotted dry with paper towels and weighed to the nearest 0.1g. The top of the defoliated section was marked by piercing the thallus with a needle and tying a thread at this 5cm point to set a standard from which to measure growth in length. One strand of S. polycystum from the MPA and one from the non-MPA were affixed 20cm apart in the centre of a 50cm piece of 3-strand rope. The lowest 5cm of each algal stipe was threaded through the rope to anchor the strand in place. Four ropes were affixed in each of five cages (dimensions 1m x 1m x 0.8m constructed of 1cm mesh) by the two 10cm end sections of each rope so that the rope\u2019s centre, holding the algae, was raised a few centimetres above the substrate. Five cages were anchored at a depth of ~1.2m at low tide in both each MPA and non-MPA so that cages at each location were separated by a minimum of two metres. After one month, the length (from the threaded point) and mass of each frond were measured to assess growth. Change in length was measured in centimetres after two and four weeks. As mass measurements required removing the fronds from the water, to minimise stress to the organism, change in mass was measured in grams only after four weeks. Because significant effects were the same in each of these data sets, only results from height change at week four are reported. A mean change in length was calculated separately for the MPA and non-MPA adults in each cage, yielding an n=5 for each location. Within each independent cage, we calculated the mean growth of MPA origin fronds, the mean growth of non-MPA fronds, and used the difference between these values in paired t-tests run separately for each location testing the effect of origin on growth over the four weeks. These difference scores were normally distributed.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	480718
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-0929119
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0929119
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	mature growth Growth of mature caged Sargassum polycystum fronds from MPAs and non-MPAs when reciprocally transplanted These data were published in Dell et al (2016) PLOS ONE, Fig. 2 version: 2016-05-02 M. Hay (GA Tech)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2016-04-29T15:48:27Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2016-05-03T17:23:19Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.644663
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	177.7
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	-18.204
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	-18.208
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	177.7
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	177.691
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/643915
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_acronym	String	Scale
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid	String	644023
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_description	String	An instrument used to measure weight or mass.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_name	String	Scale
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_nid	String	714
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, dmo, erddap, growth, latitude, longitude, management, oceanography, office, origin, preliminary, village
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/643915/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/643915
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	-18.204
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'643915': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/643915/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Georgia Institute of Technology
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	Georgia Tech
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Mark Hay
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	480720
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Nancy Copley
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	50396
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	Killer Seaweeds
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	Killer Seaweeds
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	Extracted from the NSF award abstract: Coral reefs are in dramatic global decline, with reefs commonly converting from species-rich and topographically-complex communities dominated by corals to species- poor and topographically-simplified communities dominated by seaweeds. These phase-shifts result in fundamental loss of ecosystem function. Despite debate about whether coral-to-algal transitions are commonly a primary cause, or simply a consequence, of coral mortality, rigorous field investigation of seaweed-coral competition has received limited attention. There is limited information on how the outcome of seaweed-coral competition varies among species or the relative importance of different competitive mechanisms in facilitating seaweed dominance. In an effort to address this topic, the PI will conduct field experiments in the tropical South Pacific (Fiji) to determine the effects of seaweeds on corals when in direct contact, which seaweeds are most damaging to corals, the role allelopathic lipids that are transferred via contact in producing these effects, the identity and surface concentrations of these metabolites, and the dynamic nature of seaweed metabolite production and coral response following contact. The herbivorous fishes most responsible for controlling allelopathic seaweeds will be identified, the roles of seaweed metabolites in allelopathy vs herbivore deterrence will be studied, and the potential for better managing and conserving critical reef herbivores so as to slow or reverse conversion of coral reef to seaweed meadows will be examined. Preliminary results indicate that seaweeds may commonly damage corals via lipid- soluble allelochemicals. Such chemically-mediated interactions could kill or damage adult corals and produce the suppression of coral fecundity and recruitment noted by previous investigators and could precipitate positive feedback mechanisms making reef recovery increasingly unlikely as seaweed abundance increases. Chemically-mediated seaweed-coral competition may play a critical role in the degradation of present-day coral reefs. Increasing information on which seaweeds are most aggressive to corals and which herbivores best limit these seaweeds may prove useful in better managing reefs to facilitate resilience and possible recovery despite threats of global-scale stresses. Fiji is well positioned to rapidly use findings from this project for better management of reef resources because it has already erected >260 MPAs, Fijian villagers have already bought-in to the value of MPAs, and the Fiji Locally-Managed Marine Area (FLMMA) Network is well organized to get information to villagers in a culturally sensitive and useful manner. The broader impacts of this project are far reaching. The project provides training opportunities for 2-2.5 Ph.D students and 1 undergraduate student each year in the interdisciplinary areas of marine ecology, marine conservation, and marine chemical ecology. Findings from this project will be immediately integrated into classes at Ga Tech and made available throughout Fiji via a foundation and web site that have already set-up to support marine conservation efforts in Fiji and marine education efforts both within Fiji and internationally. Business and community leaders from Atlanta (via Rotary International Service efforts) have been recruited to help organize and fund community service and outreach projects in Fiji -- several of which are likely to involve marine conservation and education based in part on these efforts there. Media outlets (National Geographic, NPR, Animal Planet, Audubon Magazine, etc.) and local Rotary clubs will be used to better disseminate these discoveries to the public. PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kubanek J, and ME Hay. "Macroalgal terpenes function as allelopathic agents against reef corals", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 108, 2011, p. 17726. Beattie AJ, ME Hay, B Magnusson, R de Nys, J Smeathers, JFV Vincent. "Ecology and bioprospecting," Austral Ecology, v.36, 2011, p. 341. Rasher DB and ME Hay. "Seaweed allelopathy degrades the resilience and function of coral reefs," Communicative and Integrative Biology, v.3, 2010. Hay ME, Rasher DB. "Corals in crisis," The Scientist, v.24, 2010, p. 42. Hay ME and DB Rasher. "Coral reefs in crisis: reversing the biotic death spiral," Faculty 1000 Biology Reports 2010, v.2, 2010. Rasher DB and ME Hay. "Chemically rich seaweeds poison corals when not controlled by herbivores", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v.107, 2010, p. 9683.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2014-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Viti Levu, Fiji (18º13.049’S, 177º42.968’E)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	480717
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2009-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	-18.208
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Raw data on the growth of mature Sargassum polycystum fronds originated from marine protected and non-protected areas (MPAs and non-MPAs, respectively) in Fiji, reciprocally transplanted between these areas and protected by cages. Growth was measured as the difference between the final (30 days) and initial frond length, measured from a standard point established using a thread when the experiment was set. Details in Dell et al. 2016 Plos One. Related Reference: Dell, C., Longo, G.O., Hay, M.E. (2016) Positive feedbacks enhance macroalgal resilience on Degraded Coral Reefs. Plos One. Related Datasets: [Sargassum recruit-sized survival - figure 3](\\http://www.bco- dmo.org/dataset/644035\\) [Sargassum mature growth conspecific - figure 4](\\http://www.bco- dmo.org/dataset/644062\\) [Sargassum recruit-sized growth and survival with conspecifics - figures 5 and 6](\\https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/644080\\)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	Growth of mature caged Sargassum polycystum fronds from MPAs and non-MPAs when reciprocally transplanted
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	177.691
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	-18.208, -18.204
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	latitude; north is positive
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	177.691, 177.7
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	longitude; east is positive
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	village		String
attribute	village	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	village	description	String	village name: VLL = Vatu-o-lailai; VOT = Votua
attribute	village	long_name	String	Village
attribute	village	units	String	unitless
variable	location		String
attribute	location	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	location	description	String	where Sargassum fronds were transplanted to: MPA = marine protected area; NON-MPA = non-protected area
attribute	location	long_name	String	Location
attribute	location	units	String	unitless
variable	origin		String
attribute	origin	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	origin	description	String	where Sargassum fronds were collected for the transplant: MPA = marine protected area; NON-MPA = non-protected area
attribute	origin	long_name	String	Origin
attribute	origin	units	String	unitless
variable	growth		float
attribute	growth	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	growth	actual_range	float	4.2, 35.7
attribute	growth	bcodmo_name	String	growth
attribute	growth	description	String	difference between the final (30 days) and initial frond length; measured from a standard point established when the experiment was set using a thread
attribute	growth	long_name	String	Growth
attribute	growth	units	String	cm

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.