ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_653129

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	FGDC, ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	[Maximum distances at which Stegastes planiforms attacked invasive lionfish] - Experimental results describing the maximum distances at which Stegastes planiforms attacked Pterois volitans and native predators in the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas during 2011 (Mechanisms and Consequences of Fish Biodiversity Loss on Atlantic Coral Reefs Caused by Invasive Pacific Lionfish)		F   I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_653129

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Area of study and microhabitat assessment This study was conducted during July-August 2011, observing the behavioral response of 40 three spot damselfish:\u00a020 in the Bahamas and 20 in the Cayman Islands. In addition to enhancing the generality of the study, it was chosen to observe damselfish in these two locations because of their difference in timing of the lionfish invasion: lionfish were first sighted in the Bahamas in 2004 and in the Cayman Islands in 2008 (Schofield 2009). In the Bahamas, damselfish were studied at three sites in the shallow waters (sites were <4 m deep) of the Great Bahama Bank in the vicinity of Lee Stocking Island, which is part of the Exuma Cays. Study sites consisted of patch reefs composed of small coral heads and larger coral bommies surrounded by sand and seagrass beds. About 380 miles Southwest of Lee Stocking Island, damselfish behavior was observed\u00a0off of Little Cayman Island at three deeper sites (6\u201312 m deep) located along the northern side of the island, just inshore of the Bloody Bay Wall. This area is characterized by continuous stretches of reef that includes coral heads of various sizes and large coral formations. The benthic territories maintained year-round by three spot damselfish are less than 1 m2 and are easily identified by the algal gardens covering reef substrata that the damselfish cultivate (Brawley and Adey 1977). The underlying substrata of damselfish territories differed at sites both within and between the Bahamas and Cayman Islands. Since the type of habitat could potentially affect damselfish response by influencing an individual\u2019s ability to defend its territory,\u00a0the microhabitat of each damselfish territory was characterized by recording the following four habitat categories: (1) low-relief dead coral rubble (mostly Acropora cervicornis), (2) low-relief continuous reef, (3) high-relief large coral\u00a0bommies, and (4) high-relief continuous reef. Low-relief habitats lacked vertical structure, whereas\u00a0high-relief\u00a0habitats consisted of vertical structure over 1 m high, which could potentially interfere with the ability of damselfish to detect intruders. Experimental treatments and fish capture Each three spot damselfish was exposed to a series of treatments consisting of a single individual of (1) invasive lionfish, or the following native fishes, all of which are commonly found on reefs near three spot damselfish territories and are chased at varying degrees by damselfish (Thresher 1976; Robertson 1984): (2) herbivorous ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus bahianus), a potential food competitor; (3) white grunt (Haemulon plumierii), a potential egg predator; and (4) coney grouper (Cephalopholis fulva), a mesopredator ecologically similar to lionfish and at larger sizes is a potential predator of three spot damselfish. At both study regions, 2-3 individuals were captured per fish species, which were rotated daily for experimental use based on each individual\u2019s appearance, apparent condition, and behavior. All fish were caught underwater from non-study sites using hand nets and the fish anesthetic quinaldine when needed. Body size of individual fish, ranging from 10 to 18 cm TL, was restricted to allow for ease of movement in bottles during the experiment. At these sizes, both lionfish and coney grouper were sufficiently large to pose a threat to small recruit fishes inhabiting damselfish territories (Albins 2013). Fish were maintained in flow-through aquarium tanks both prior to and between daily observational trials. Model-bottle experiment Using a model-bottle study design (Myrberg and Thresher 1974), individual fish were presented in weighted, clear-plastic gallon bottles to haphazardly located adult damselfish (7\u201311 cm total length [TL]) in order to measure the relative behavioral responses exhibited by each focal damselfish. Bottle lids were replaced with secured mesh screening to allow for flow of both water and any fish chemical cues. An empty bottle was used as a control treatment. Each treatment was introduced in random order to individual damselfish territories. All fishes inside bottles were either resting or hovering upon introduction. To measure damselfish aggression per treatment, each bottle was sequentially placed at 100, 50, and 0 cm away from the center of each territory. At each increment, damselfish behavior was observed from a distance of 3 m for 2 min, counting the number of times the focal damselfish made physical contact with the bottle (attack rate) and tallying which aggressive behaviors each damselfish displayed: (1) contact with the mouth while hovering in place directly next to the bottle (nip); (2) contact with the caudal fin while hovering in place directly next to the bottle (butt); (3) starting from a distance, swimming with force directly towards the bottle, making contact with mouth, and then quickly swimming away from the bottle (charge); and, (4) repeatedly charging the bottle multiple times (continuous attack). These categories encompass three spot damselfish behavior known to effectively exclude intruders (Thresher 1976). Avoidance behavior by damselfish was also noted, such as entering refuge sites within their territories (Helfman 1989). Each bottle was then placed at the closest distance to the territory at which the damselfish had previously made no physical contact with the bottle, then gradually moved the bottle closer to the center of the territory until the damselfish approached the bottle and made physical contact. If the damselfish had previously attacked the bottle at 100 cm away from the territory, the bottle was placed at 150 cm where all damselfish ceased attacking the bottle, and gradually moved the bottle closer to the territory from there. This method provided a measurement of the \u201cmaximum distance of attack\u201d (sensu Myrberg and Thresher 1974) per treatment.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	561016
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-1233027
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1233027
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Max Distance Attack Lead PI: Mark Hixon Sub-Project Lead: Tye L. Kindinger Version 26 July 2016
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2016-08-02T15:41:23Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-05-22T19:19:45Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&amp;time&lt;now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.653129.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	-76.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	24.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	19.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	-76.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	-80.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_vertical_max	double	35.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_vertical_min	double	5.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_vertical_positive	String	down
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_vertical_units	String	m
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/653129
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	bco, bco-dmo, biological, bottle, bottle_treatment, chemical, damsel, damsel_number, damsel_size, data, dataset, depth, distance, dmo, erddap, habitat, latitude, longitude, management, number, oceanography, office, preliminary, size, treatment
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/653129/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/653129
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	24.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'653129': {'lat': 'master - latitude', 'depth': 'master - depth', 'lon': 'master - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/653129/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	University of Hawaii
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Mark Hixon
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51647
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Oregon State University
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	OSU
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Tye L. Kindinger
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	51707
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Hannah Ake
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	650173
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	BiodiversityLossEffects_lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	BiodiversityLossEffects_lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	The Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans), a popular aquarium fish, was introduced to the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of Florida in the late 20th century. Voraciously consuming small native coral-reef fishes, including the juveniles of fisheries and ecologically important species, the invader has undergone a population explosion that now ranges from the U.S. southeastern seaboard to the Gulf of Mexico and across the greater Caribbean region. The PI's past research determined that invasive lionfish (1) have escaped their natural enemies in the Pacific (lionfish are much less abundant in their native range); (2) are not yet controlled by Atlantic predators, competitors, or parasites; (3) have strong negative effects on populations of native Atlantic fishes; and (4) locally reduce the diversity (number of species) of native fishes. The lionfish invasion has been recognized as one of the major conservation threats worldwide. The Bahamas support the highest abundances of invasive lionfish globally. This system thus provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the direct and indirect effects of a major invader on a diverse community, as well as the underlying causative mechanisms. The PI will focus on five related questions: (1) How does long-term predation by lionfish alter the structure of native reef-fish communities? (2) How does lionfish predation destabilize native prey population dynamics, possibly causing local extinctions? (3) Is there a lionfish-herbivore-seaweed trophic cascade on invaded reefs? (4) How do lionfish modify cleaning mutualisms on invaded reefs? (5) Are lionfish reaching densities where natural population limits are evident?
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2016-07
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Three Bahamian sites: 24.8318, -076.3299; 23.8562, -076.2250; 23.7727, -076.1071; Caribbean Netherlands: 12.1599, -068.2820
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Mechanisms and Consequences of Fish Biodiversity Loss on Atlantic Coral Reefs Caused by Invasive Pacific Lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	561017
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_website	String	http://hixon.science.oregonstate.edu/content/highlight-lionfish-invasion
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2012-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	19.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Experimental results describing the maximum distances at which Stegastes planiforms attacked Pterois volitans and native predators in the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas during 2011
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	[Maximum distances at which Stegastes planiforms attacked invasive lionfish] - Experimental results describing the maximum distances at which Stegastes planiforms attacked Pterois volitans and native predators in the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas during 2011 (Mechanisms and Consequences of Fish Biodiversity Loss on Atlantic Coral Reefs Caused by Invasive Pacific Lionfish)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	-80.0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	location		String
attribute	location	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	location	description	String	location of sampling
attribute	location	long_name	String	Location
attribute	location	units	String	unitless
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	19.0, 24.0
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	-80.0, -76.0
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	bottle_treatment		String
attribute	bottle_treatment	bcodmo_name	String	treatment
attribute	bottle_treatment	description	String	type of predator fish within the bottle that was introduced to damselfish
attribute	bottle_treatment	long_name	String	Bottle Treatment
attribute	bottle_treatment	units	String	unitless
variable	habitat		String
attribute	habitat	bcodmo_name	String	site_descrip
attribute	habitat	description	String	microhabitats where damselfish territories were located; Bahamas: dead coral rubble and coral bommies; Cayman Islands: high and low relief of continuous reef
attribute	habitat	long_name	String	Habitat
attribute	habitat	units	String	unitless
variable	damsel_number		byte
attribute	damsel_number	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	damsel_number	actual_range	byte	1, 40
attribute	damsel_number	bcodmo_name	String	sample
attribute	damsel_number	colorBarMaximum	double	100.0
attribute	damsel_number	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	damsel_number	description	String	damselfish id number; 1-20
attribute	damsel_number	long_name	String	Damsel Number
attribute	damsel_number	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/ACYC/
attribute	damsel_number	units	String	unitless
variable	depth		double
attribute	depth	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Height
attribute	depth	_CoordinateZisPositive	String	down
attribute	depth	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	depth	actual_range	double	5.0, 35.0
attribute	depth	axis	String	Z
attribute	depth	bcodmo_name	String	depth
attribute	depth	colorBarMaximum	double	8000.0
attribute	depth	colorBarMinimum	double	-8000.0
attribute	depth	colorBarPalette	String	TopographyDepth
attribute	depth	description	String	depth of damselfish territory
attribute	depth	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	depth	long_name	String	Depth
attribute	depth	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/DEPH/
attribute	depth	positive	String	down
attribute	depth	standard_name	String	depth
attribute	depth	units	String	m
variable	damsel_size		float
attribute	damsel_size	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	damsel_size	actual_range	float	7.0, 11.0
attribute	damsel_size	bcodmo_name	String	fish_len
attribute	damsel_size	description	String	body size of damselfish
attribute	damsel_size	long_name	String	Damsel Size
attribute	damsel_size	units	String	unitless
variable	distance		byte
attribute	distance	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	distance	actual_range	byte	0, 110
attribute	distance	bcodmo_name	String	treatment
attribute	distance	description	String	distance bottle was placed from the center of damselfish territory
attribute	distance	long_name	String	Distance
attribute	distance	units	String	centimeters

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.