ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_674163

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	FGDC, ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data			files	public	[Herbivory rates] - Herbivore grazing rates in Viti Levu, Fiji from 2010-2012 (Killer Seaweeds project) (Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals)		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_674163

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	The study was conducted from November 2010 through February 2011 and between November 2011 and January 2012 on shallow (~1 m below the surface at low tide, equal or shallower than 2 m at high tide), intertidal fringing reefs platforms (up to 800-m wide) along the Coral Coast (18\u00ba\u00a013.05\u2019S, 177\u00ba\u00a042.97\u2019E) of Viti Levu, Fiji\u2019s main island. Many of the owners of traditional fishing rights along the Coral Coast have established small, customary no-take MPAs to improve and sustain their adjacent fishing grounds. The MPAs in this region are delimited by surface markings and enforced by local villagers, and they have been closed to all fishing activities since their inception (about 10 years). The only exception to this closure was a small experimental hook and line fishing research project that was conducted in the MPAs of Votua and\u00a0Namada. In the \u00a0non-MPAs, the main fishing targets are species of Acanthuridae (Nasinae), Epinephelidae, Labridae, Mullidae, and Lutjanidae. Permission for the research was granted by the Fijian Ministry of Education, National Heritage, Culture & Arts, Youth & Sports, which is authorized to approve field studies in Fijian waters. No animal collection or experimental procedures involving animals were conducted during the study, and no endangered species were recorded during our assessments.\u00a0 To assess the effects of MPAs on fish assemblages, fish feeding group composition, herbivory rates, benthic cover, and coral recruit density, we compared three spatially paired MPA and adjacent, fished, areas (non-MPAs) associated with the villages of Votua,\u00a0Vatu-o-lalai\u00a0and\u00a0Namada.\u00a0 Comparisons of fish assemblages inside and outside of closures are widely used for determining the effects of reserves, but it should be acknowledged that this approach does not reveal the state of an MPA relative to an undisturbed baseline.\u00a0 The studied MPAs were established in 2002 (Vatu-o-lalai,\u00a0Namada) and 2003 (Votua), and shortly after establishment, coral cover was low (~7%), and\u00a0macroalgal\u00a0cover was high (~35\u201345%) in both the MPAs and \u00a0non-MPAs. All surveys and assays were conducted during the same season (austral summer) to minimize seasonal variation in sampling. The reef extends approx. 1 km from shore within each MPA and\u00a0non-MPA,\u00a0and all data were collected between 30 and 700 m of the shore (i.e., shoreward of the reef crest) parallel to the\u00a0shoreline. Herbivory rates: Rates of grazing by parrotfishes and macroalgal browsing were assessed across the six study sites using established techniques. The feeding rates of parrotfishes were estimated within each of the six study sites from December 2011\u2013January 2012 using remote stationary video cameras; this method was selected as it has been shown to reduce observer effects on fish behavior. Underwater cameras (GoPro) attached to a small lead weight were randomly positioned next to areas covered by algal turfs within each study site, and all feeding on the benthos was recorded for 2 hours. At the start of each video, a length of chain was used to demarcate a 4-m2 area and probablyvide a scale for estimating the length of any fishes in the video. The chain was removed after one minute, and the cameras were left to record all feeding activities in the absence of divers.\u00a0 To ensure similar sampling effort among sites, sampling was conducted over 18 days, always during high tide. In the first week, during which high tide occurred in the morning, four cameras were distributed in the MPA and four in the non-MPA of a given village, and over the following two days, the same procedure was repeated for the remaining two villages. A few days later, when high tide occurred during the middle of the day, the same procedure was repeated and then repeated again for the afternoon period. This entire sampling scheme was performed twice, so we recorded a total of eight videos per study site per time period within each village. All videos were subsequently viewed, and all parrotfishes observed feeding on the reef substrata were identified to species, and their length estimated. Grazing rates were then calculated as the product of species-specific bite rates and bite areas, and expressed as the percentage of the 4m2 area grazed per day. Species-specific bite areas were obtained from the literature, and where these were not available the bite area of a closely related species with a similar feeding type and body size was used. Macroalgal browsing was assessed at each site using a series of macroalgal assays during December 2011. Five common macroalgal species in the non-MPAs (Hormophysa triquetra, Padina boryana, Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum sp., and Turbinaria ornata) were collected by hand, spun in a salad spinner for 20 revolutions to remove water and weighed . One thallus of each alga was randomly selected and attached at equal intervals along a 60-cm length of 3-ply rope by inserting the holdfast between the strands. The order of the algal species along the rope was randomized among replicates. Three replicate assays (or ropes) were exposed to herbivores, and three assays were placed in exclusion cages (60 x 20 x 20 cm, 1-cm square mesh) at each site and left on the reef for 5 h. Assays within each site were separated by 20-50 m. After 5h the assays were collected and each thallus was carefully removed from the rope, spun and weighed, and the reduction in algal biomass was calculated. \u00a0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	480718
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-0929119
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0929119
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_nid	String	674109
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_number	String	U01-TW007401
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_data_url	String	https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?icde=0&aid=7741942
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funder_name	String	National Institutes of Health
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_acronym	String	NIH
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_source_nid	String	636502
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager	String	Flora Katz
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager_nid	String	674108
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	M. Hay Grazing data Version 6 January 2017
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2017-01-07T00:46:02Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-04-05T15:15:27Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.674163.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/674163
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, dmo, erddap, grazed, management, oceanography, office, preliminary, site, status
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/674163/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/674163
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'674163': {}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/674163/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Georgia Institute of Technology
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	Georgia Tech
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Mark Hay
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	480720
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Hannah Ake
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	650173
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	Killer Seaweeds
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	Killer Seaweeds
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	Extracted from the NSF award abstract: Coral reefs are in dramatic global decline, with reefs commonly converting from species-rich and topographically-complex communities dominated by corals to species- poor and topographically-simplified communities dominated by seaweeds. These phase-shifts result in fundamental loss of ecosystem function. Despite debate about whether coral-to-algal transitions are commonly a primary cause, or simply a consequence, of coral mortality, rigorous field investigation of seaweed-coral competition has received limited attention. There is limited information on how the outcome of seaweed-coral competition varies among species or the relative importance of different competitive mechanisms in facilitating seaweed dominance. In an effort to address this topic, the PI will conduct field experiments in the tropical South Pacific (Fiji) to determine the effects of seaweeds on corals when in direct contact, which seaweeds are most damaging to corals, the role allelopathic lipids that are transferred via contact in producing these effects, the identity and surface concentrations of these metabolites, and the dynamic nature of seaweed metabolite production and coral response following contact. The herbivorous fishes most responsible for controlling allelopathic seaweeds will be identified, the roles of seaweed metabolites in allelopathy vs herbivore deterrence will be studied, and the potential for better managing and conserving critical reef herbivores so as to slow or reverse conversion of coral reef to seaweed meadows will be examined. Preliminary results indicate that seaweeds may commonly damage corals via lipid- soluble allelochemicals. Such chemically-mediated interactions could kill or damage adult corals and produce the suppression of coral fecundity and recruitment noted by previous investigators and could precipitate positive feedback mechanisms making reef recovery increasingly unlikely as seaweed abundance increases. Chemically-mediated seaweed-coral competition may play a critical role in the degradation of present-day coral reefs. Increasing information on which seaweeds are most aggressive to corals and which herbivores best limit these seaweeds may prove useful in better managing reefs to facilitate resilience and possible recovery despite threats of global-scale stresses. Fiji is well positioned to rapidly use findings from this project for better management of reef resources because it has already erected >260 MPAs, Fijian villagers have already bought-in to the value of MPAs, and the Fiji Locally-Managed Marine Area (FLMMA) Network is well organized to get information to villagers in a culturally sensitive and useful manner. The broader impacts of this project are far reaching. The project provides training opportunities for 2-2.5 Ph.D students and 1 undergraduate student each year in the interdisciplinary areas of marine ecology, marine conservation, and marine chemical ecology. Findings from this project will be immediately integrated into classes at Ga Tech and made available throughout Fiji via a foundation and web site that have already set-up to support marine conservation efforts in Fiji and marine education efforts both within Fiji and internationally. Business and community leaders from Atlanta (via Rotary International Service efforts) have been recruited to help organize and fund community service and outreach projects in Fiji -- several of which are likely to involve marine conservation and education based in part on these efforts there. Media outlets (National Geographic, NPR, Animal Planet, Audubon Magazine, etc.) and local Rotary clubs will be used to better disseminate these discoveries to the public. PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kubanek J, and ME Hay. "Macroalgal terpenes function as allelopathic agents against reef corals", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 108, 2011, p. 17726. Beattie AJ, ME Hay, B Magnusson, R de Nys, J Smeathers, JFV Vincent. "Ecology and bioprospecting," Austral Ecology, v.36, 2011, p. 341. Rasher DB and ME Hay. "Seaweed allelopathy degrades the resilience and function of coral reefs," Communicative and Integrative Biology, v.3, 2010. Hay ME, Rasher DB. "Corals in crisis," The Scientist, v.24, 2010, p. 42. Hay ME and DB Rasher. "Coral reefs in crisis: reversing the biotic death spiral," Faculty 1000 Biology Reports 2010, v.2, 2010. Rasher DB and ME Hay. "Chemically rich seaweeds poison corals when not controlled by herbivores", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v.107, 2010, p. 9683.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2014-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Viti Levu, Fiji (18º13.049’S, 177º42.968’E)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	480717
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2009-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Herbivore grazing rates in Viti Levu, Fiji from 2010-2012 (Killer Seaweeds project)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	[Herbivory rates] - Herbivore grazing rates in Viti Levu, Fiji from 2010-2012 (Killer Seaweeds project) (Killer Seaweeds: Allelopathy against Fijian Corals)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	status		String
attribute	status	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	status	description	String	Status of area where sampling was done; Marine Protected Area (MPA) or non-MPA (NON)
attribute	status	long_name	String	Status
attribute	status	units	String	unitless
variable	site		String
attribute	site	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	site	description	String	Site name
attribute	site	long_name	String	Site
attribute	site	units	String	unitless
variable	grazed		double
attribute	grazed	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	grazed	actual_range	double	3932.75, 213174.4
attribute	grazed	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	grazed	description	String	Grazing rates were then calculated as the product of species-specific bite rates and bite areas and expressed as the percentage of the 4m2 area grazed per day.
attribute	grazed	long_name	String	Grazed
attribute	grazed	units	String	count

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.