ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_700177

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	Grazing preferences by herbivorous fishes in The Bahamas in 2011		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_700177

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Methods from Kindinger and Albins (2016) \"Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of an invasive marine predator on native coral-reef herbivores\"\u00a0doi: [10.1007/s10530-016-1268-1](\\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-016-1268-1\\") To quantify NCEs of invasive lionfish on native herbivores, we observed the grazing behavior of herbivorous fishes at each of the 10 experimental reefs over 10 consecutive days in July 2011, observing paired reefs on adjacent days. Each day, we collected 20 haphazardly selected pieces of algal-covered coral rubble (0.43\u20130.94 m2 surface area) from a nonexperimental reef containing an extensive area of dead Acropora cervicornis coral rubble inhabited by a high density of three-spot damselfish (Stegastes planifrons). This territorial fish maintains higher standing stocks of farmed palatable seaweeds via interspecific aggression in response to intruding herbivores (Ceccarelli et al. 2001 ).\u00a0 Each piece of algal substratum was carefully placed into a plastic bag filled with seawater, photographed out of water onboard a boat, returned to its plastic bag, and transported in a cooler of seawater to a nearby experimental reef. At high-lionfish-density reefs, we randomly assigned paired substrata to two similar, but separate microhabitats (e.g., next to a coral head, on a ledge, etc.) that differed only in the presence (\\\ 0.25 m away) versus absence ([ 3 m away) of lionfish at the time of observation. At low-lionfish- density reefs, we placed algal substrata in paired microhabitats that were similar to those used at high-lionfish-density reefs, except lionfish were always absent during observation. All replicates were therefore placed in types of microhabitats frequented by lionfish, regardless of actual lionfish presence. Overall, we observed grazing of translocated algal-covered substrata at three levels of lionfish presence: (1) low-lionfish-density reef with lionfish absent from the observed microhabitat (n = 100); (2) high-lionfish- density reef with lionfish absent from the microhabitat (n = 50); and (3) high-lionfish-density reef with lionfish present in the microhabitat (n = 50); hereafter referred to as low -absent , high -absent , and high -present treatments, respectively. These treatments were designed to provide insight on the spatial scale at which lionfish presence affects herbivorous fish behavior by allowing simultaneous comparisons of grazing behavior between (1) low- and high-lionfish-densities at the reef-scale while controlling for lionfish presence at the within-reef scale (i.e., low-absent vs. high-absent treatments) and (2) lionfish presence-absence at the within-reef scale while controlling for lionfish density at the reef-scale (i.e., high-absent vs. high-present treatments).\u00a0 At each experimental reef, we monitored four of the translocated algal substrata\u2014one pair in the morning (0900\u20131200) and one pair in the afternoon (1400\u20131600)\u2014for 60 min each using automated underwater video cameras placed approximately 3 m away. Meanwhile, we observed the remaining 16 algal substrata with SCUBA (8 replicates per diver) one at a time for 20 min each, with observations divided evenly throughout the day (2 pairs in the morning and 2 pairs in the afternoon per diver). All observations were therefore performed during the day when the probability of lionfish predation is greatly reduced (Green et al. 2011 ; Cure et al. 2012 ) and all lionfish observed were inactive. We identified the species of each fish that visited these substrata, visually estimated its TL to the nearest cm, and counted the number of times it took a bite of algae. Each fish was considered to be a unique individual once it entered the diver\u2019s field of view (approximately 2 m surrounding the focal rock), and continuing until the time it left the field of view and could no longer be visually tracked. At the end of each observation period, the algal substratum was carefully returned to its plastic bag full of fresh seawater and kept underwater until all 20 replicates had been observed. We then rephotographed each replicate onboard the boat.\u00a0 Grazing behavior observed at each replicate algal substratum was comprised of the following response variables: (1) visitation rate (number of fish/minute); (2) percent visitation rate (percent fish/minute); (3) bite rate (number of bites/minute); and (4) individual bite rate (number of bites per fish/minute). The percent visitation rate and individual bite rate allowed us to account for any potential differences in herbivorous fish densities between low- and high- lionfish-density reefs. Percent visitation rates were calculated by dividing the total number of fish observed grazing (per substratum) by the total number of herbivorous fish counted at each reef during the reef fish surveys conducted just prior (June 2011) to the grazing observations (July 2011). For all the herbivorous fish that grazed on each experimental substrate, the number of bites each fish took during individual grazing bouts was averaged to measure the individual bite rate. We also used the before and after photographs of each substrate to estimate the percent loss of algal cover from observed grazing. We quantified percent cover from photographs using the image processing program, ImageJ.\u00a0 We analyzed the response of all herbivorous fishes that grazed on the experimental substrate by fish size class (small and large , with large encompassing the response among fishes[ 10 cm TL, which remained consistent regardless of further size binning into medium and large size classes). Parrotfishes accounted for 69.2 % of the herbivorous fishes that we observed grazing. Therefore, the behavioral response (same variables as above) of this fish family was also analyzed by fish size class. The remaining fish families (surgeonfishes, angelfishes, and damselfishes) were not further divided by size class, because such extensive division of each response variable would have resulted in highly zero-inflated data. The percent loss of algae from substrata was not analyzed by fish size class nor by fish family, because individual contributions of each fish to the overall algal loss could not be distinguished.\u00a0 We fitted LMMs using a similar procedure as the one described above to account for the nested design of the fish grazing surveys when comparing grazing behavior of herbivorous fish among lionfish treatments. Random effects consisted of paired microhabitats nested within paired reefs. In addition to lionfish treatment (lowabsent, high-absent, and high-present), all full models included the initial algal percent cover (algae ) of each replicate substratumas a fixed factor in order to account for any influence this parameter could have on grazing behavior, as well as an algae 9 lionfish interaction. With the exception of the model of percent loss in algal cover, we log-transformed all rate response variables and allowed variances to differ among reefs with weighted terms to meet all assumptions of normality, homogeneity, and independence. When lionfish treatment was significant in the model based on LRTs, we performed multiple comparisons of the response at every combination of lionfish treatments using Tukey\u2019s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) method. All statistical analyses of both reef fish surveys and fish grazing observations were conducted using the statistical software R (R Core Team 2014 ) with the associated packages, nlme (Pinheiro et al. 2014 ) and multcomp (Hothorn et al. 2008 ).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	561016
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-1233027
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1233027
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Grazing Assays M. Hixon and T. Kindinger Version 16 May 2017
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2017-05-17T23:30:45Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-03-28T19:07:11Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.700177.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/700177
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	algae, algae_initial, algae_pcntCoverChange, bco, bco-dmo, biological, bite, bite_number, change, chemical, cover, data, dataset, date, dmo, erddap, family, fish, fish_size, initial, management, micro, micro_treatment, number, observation, observation_time, oceanography, office, pair, pcnt, preliminary, replicate, replicate_number, replicate_pair, site, site_treatment, size, species, time, treatment
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/700177/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/700177
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'700177': {}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/700177/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	University of Hawaii
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Mark Hixon
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51647
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Oregon State University
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	OSU
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Tye L. Kindinger
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	51707
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Hannah Ake
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	650173
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	BiodiversityLossEffects_lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	BiodiversityLossEffects_lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	The Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans), a popular aquarium fish, was introduced to the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of Florida in the late 20th century. Voraciously consuming small native coral-reef fishes, including the juveniles of fisheries and ecologically important species, the invader has undergone a population explosion that now ranges from the U.S. southeastern seaboard to the Gulf of Mexico and across the greater Caribbean region. The PI's past research determined that invasive lionfish (1) have escaped their natural enemies in the Pacific (lionfish are much less abundant in their native range); (2) are not yet controlled by Atlantic predators, competitors, or parasites; (3) have strong negative effects on populations of native Atlantic fishes; and (4) locally reduce the diversity (number of species) of native fishes. The lionfish invasion has been recognized as one of the major conservation threats worldwide. The Bahamas support the highest abundances of invasive lionfish globally. This system thus provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the direct and indirect effects of a major invader on a diverse community, as well as the underlying causative mechanisms. The PI will focus on five related questions: (1) How does long-term predation by lionfish alter the structure of native reef-fish communities? (2) How does lionfish predation destabilize native prey population dynamics, possibly causing local extinctions? (3) Is there a lionfish-herbivore-seaweed trophic cascade on invaded reefs? (4) How do lionfish modify cleaning mutualisms on invaded reefs? (5) Are lionfish reaching densities where natural population limits are evident?
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2016-07
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Three Bahamian sites: 24.8318, -076.3299; 23.8562, -076.2250; 23.7727, -076.1071; Caribbean Netherlands: 12.1599, -068.2820
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Mechanisms and Consequences of Fish Biodiversity Loss on Atlantic Coral Reefs Caused by Invasive Pacific Lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	561017
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_website	String	http://hixon.science.oregonstate.edu/content/highlight-lionfish-invasion
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2012-08
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Grazing preferences by herbivorous fishes in The Bahamas in 2011
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	Grazing preferences by herbivorous fishes in The Bahamas in 2011
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	date		String
attribute	date	bcodmo_name	String	date
attribute	date	description	String	Date of observation; YYYY/MM/DD
attribute	date	long_name	String	Date
attribute	date	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ADATAA01/
attribute	date	source_name	String	date
attribute	date	time_precision	String	1970-01-01
attribute	date	units	String	unitless
variable	site		String
attribute	site	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	site	description	String	Name of study site (reef)
attribute	site	long_name	String	Site
attribute	site	units	String	unitless
variable	site_treatment		String
attribute	site_treatment	bcodmo_name	String	treatment
attribute	site_treatment	description	String	Lionfish treatment of site (reef): Low-lionfish-density reef or High-lionfish-density reef
attribute	site_treatment	long_name	String	Site Treatment
attribute	site_treatment	units	String	unitless
variable	replicate_number		byte
attribute	replicate_number	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	replicate_number	actual_range	byte	1, 20
attribute	replicate_number	bcodmo_name	String	sample
attribute	replicate_number	colorBarMaximum	double	100.0
attribute	replicate_number	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	replicate_number	description	String	Replicate number; replicates = algal-covered substrata placed in study site
attribute	replicate_number	long_name	String	Replicate Number
attribute	replicate_number	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/ACYC/
attribute	replicate_number	units	String	unitless
variable	replicate_pair		String
attribute	replicate_pair	bcodmo_name	String	sample
attribute	replicate_pair	description	String	Replicate pairs
attribute	replicate_pair	long_name	String	Replicate Pair
attribute	replicate_pair	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P02/current/ACYC/
attribute	replicate_pair	units	String	unitless
variable	observation_time		byte
attribute	observation_time	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	observation_time	actual_range	byte	20, 60
attribute	observation_time	bcodmo_name	String	time_elapsed
attribute	observation_time	description	String	Length of observation
attribute	observation_time	long_name	String	Observation Time
attribute	observation_time	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ELTMZZZZ/
attribute	observation_time	units	String	minutes
variable	micro_treatment		String
attribute	micro_treatment	bcodmo_name	String	treatment
attribute	micro_treatment	description	String	Lionfish treatment of microhabitat where substrate was placed/observed: lionfish were absent or present during observation
attribute	micro_treatment	long_name	String	Micro Treatment
attribute	micro_treatment	units	String	unitless
variable	algae_initial		float
attribute	algae_initial	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	algae_initial	actual_range	float	34.8745, 170.427
attribute	algae_initial	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	algae_initial	description	String	Initial amount of algae covering substrate
attribute	algae_initial	long_name	String	Algae Initial
attribute	algae_initial	units	String	centimeters squared
variable	algae_pcntCoverChange		float
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	actual_range	float	9.0E-4, 0.4637
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	bcodmo_name	String	cover_pcent
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	description	String	Change in percent cover of algae quantified from before vs. after photos of substrate
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	long_name	String	Algae Pcnt Cover Change
attribute	algae_pcntCoverChange	units	String	percent
variable	family		String
attribute	family	bcodmo_name	String	family
attribute	family	description	String	Family of fish
attribute	family	long_name	String	Family
attribute	family	units	String	unitless
variable	species		String
attribute	species	bcodmo_name	String	species
attribute	species	description	String	Species of fish: species codes are first two letters of genus and species (see species key)
attribute	species	long_name	String	Species
attribute	species	units	String	unitless
variable	fish_size		byte
attribute	fish_size	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	fish_size	actual_range	byte	2, 45
attribute	fish_size	bcodmo_name	String	fish_len
attribute	fish_size	description	String	Total body length of fish
attribute	fish_size	long_name	String	Fish Size
attribute	fish_size	units	String	centimeters
variable	bite_number		short
attribute	bite_number	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	bite_number	actual_range	short	1, 242
attribute	bite_number	bcodmo_name	String	count
attribute	bite_number	colorBarMaximum	double	100.0
attribute	bite_number	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	bite_number	description	String	Number of bites fish took of algae from substrata during observation
attribute	bite_number	long_name	String	Bite Number
attribute	bite_number	units	String	count

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.