ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_709454

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	Comparison of bleaching data to stress bands in Porites corals on Palau reefs		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_709454

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Coral skeletal core collection:\u00a0We collected 101 skeletal cores from massive Porites coral colonies at ten reef sites representing two major reef environments, barrier reef and lagoon, the latter including fringing reefs around the uplifted karst Rock Islands. The two environments are broadly distinguishable in both physical (flow, temperature, and light regimes) and chemical (carbon system parameters, salinity) characteristics with generally higher flow, light, pH, and salinity and lower SST on the barrier reefs (Shamberger et al. 2014; Barkley et al. 2015). \u00a0 Skeletal cores (20-40 cm in length) were collected in April 2011, September 2011, April 2012, August 2014, and January 2015 vertically from live coral colonies at 1-6 m depth using pneumatic drills with 3.8 cm diameter diamond drill bits. Core holes were filled with cement plugs hammered flush with the colony surface and sealed with underwater epoxy. Visual inspections of colonies 6-12 months after coring revealed significant overgrowth of plugs and no long-term impacts to the corals. Coral cores were oven-dried and scanned with a Siemens Volume Zoom Helical Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanner at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 3-D CT scans of coral cores were analyzed using OsiriX freeware to visualize the 3-D image (Cantin et al. 2010; Crook et al. 2013) and an automated MATLAB code to quantify skeletal growth parameters and stress banding (DeCarlo et al. 2015).\u00a0 Stress bands: Coral cores that included growth records prior to 1998 were assessed for the presence of high-density stress bands associated with elevated temperatures in 1998 (n = 86), and all cores were examined for stress bands in 2010. A stress band was defined as a region of the coral core > 1 mm in height and extending the entire width of the core where density values exceeded two standard deviations of the whole-core density mean. We defined a minimum band thickness in order to filter out smaller-scale density variability and high-density noise. A value of 1 mm for this thickness threshold was selected based on the average linear extension rates of Palau Porites corals (0.88 cm yr-1, interquartile range = 0.35 cm yr-1), where 1 mm represents, on average, approximately 10% of overall annual linear extension. High-density anomalies of this width therefore represent significant perturbations in growth. Density thresholds were set based on standard deviations from mean values in order to account for significant differences in density means and variability between individuals. Density values were normally distributed within coral cores, and values greater than two standard deviations were defined as the threshold for a stress band. This threshold was selected to aid in the identification of only the most anomalously high- density areas (i.e., areas with densities greater than approximately 95% of all values) while also minimizing the probability of type II errors in coral cores where stress bands exist but high-density values are slightly less extreme. Stress bands were identified as occurring within a particular year (specifically, 1998 and 2010) based on annual patterns of density banding, in which successive low density bands were counted down from the top of the core and subsequently dated based on the known date of collection. Although a small number of coral skeletal cores had occasional high-density regions in additional years, we did not consistently detect stress bands corresponding to years other than 1998 and 2010. The percentage of Porites corals with stress bands was compared with community bleaching data for each reef site collected during the 1998 and 2010 high- temperature events. Bleaching data from 1998 were collected at nine reef sites in November 1998 using a point-intercept technique with three replicate 20-m transect surveys per site conducted at 3-5 m depth (Bruno et al. 2001). A subset of six of these nine sites was used to compare bleaching data to stress band records based on proximity to our core collection sites. Data from 2010 were collected at 80 randomly assigned reef sites in July and August 2010 with three replicate 30-m transect surveys conducted at 2-5 m depth (van Woesik et al. 2012).\u00a0 A subset of 31 of these sites was included in this study. Because in situ bleaching data were collected at randomized locations, the spatial matches between sites with bleaching data and sites with coral cores were not always exact. Therefore, for each coral core collection site, we averaged bleaching data from the two or three sites that both fell within a 10-km radius of each core site and that represented the same environment type to calculate a community bleaching estimate. Bleaching information about specific coral colonies from which we collected cores was not available.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	560427
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-1031971
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1031971
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Stress bands bleaching PI: Anne Cohen (WHOI) Contact: Hannah Barkley (WHOI) Version: 21 July 2017
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2017-07-21T19:01:22Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-08-02T16:19:49Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.709454.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	134.562
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	7.822
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	7.16
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	134.562
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	134.22
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/709454
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_acronym	String	CT Scanner
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description	String	Siemens Volume Zoom Helical Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanner
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid	String	709461
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_description	String	A CT scan makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_name	String	Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanner
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_nid	String	707113
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_supplied_name	String	Siemens Volume Zoom Helical Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanner
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	bands, bco, bco-dmo, biological, bleaching, chemical, cores, data, dataset, dmo, erddap, latitude, longitude, management, mean, mean_pcnt_bleaching, mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE, num, num_cores, oceanography, office, pcnt, pcnt_stress_bands, pcnt_stress_bands_SE, preliminary, reef, reef_type, site, stress, type, year
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/709454/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/709454
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	7.822
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'709454': {'latitude': 'flag - latitude', 'longitude': 'flag - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/709454/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Anne L Cohen
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51428
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Hannah Barkley
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	560803
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Shannon Rauch
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	51498
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	Thermal Thresholds and Projections
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	Thermal Thresholds and Projections
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	Description from NSF award abstract: Sea surface temperature (SST) across much of the global tropics has increased by 0.5-1 degrees C in the past 4 decades and, with it, the frequency and geographic extent of coral bleaching events and reef mortality. As levels of atmospheric CO2 continue to rise, there is mounting concern that CO2-induced climate change will pose the single greatest threat to the survival of coral reefs. Averaged output of 21 IPCC climate models for a mid-range CO2 emissions scenario predicts that tropical SSTs will increase another 1.5-3 degrees C by the end of this century. Combined with current estimates of thermal thresholds for coral bleaching, the outlook for the future of coral-reef ecosystems, worldwide, appears bleak. There are several key issues that limit accurate predictions of the full and lasting impact of rising SSTs. These include (1) level of confidence in the spatial and temporal patterns of the predicted warming, (2) knowledge of thermal thresholds of different reef-building coral species, and (3) the potential for corals to increase resistance to thermal stress through repeated exposure to high temperature events. New skeletal markers have been developed that constrain the thermal thresholds and adaptive potential of multiple, individual coral colonies across 3-D space and through time. The method, based on 3-D CAT scan reconstructions of coral skeletons, has generated initial data from two coral species in the Red Sea, Great Barrier Reef and Phoenix Islands. Results showed that large, abrupt declines in skeletal growth occur at thresholds of accumulated heat stress defined by NOAA's Degree Heating Weeks Index (DHWs). In addition, there was a significant correlation between host lipid reserve, an independent measure of stress and mortality risk, and rates of skeletal growth. Because the coral skeleton archives the history of each coral's response to and recovery from successive, documented thermal anomalies, this approach pinpoints the thermal thresholds for sub-lethal impacts, the recovery time (if any) following a return to normal oceanographic conditions, and tests for a dampened response following successive events, indicative of acclimation. This research program builds on initial work, focusing on method refinement and application to corals on two central Pacific reefs. With contrasting thermal histories, these reefs are considered at greatest risk from future ocean warming. In parallel, new experiments will be run on an ocean general-circulation model (OGCM) that is well suited to the tropical Pacific and of sufficiently high resolution, both horizontal and vertical, to maximize projections of thermal stress on specific central Pacific Reef sites over the next few decades. The OGCM output will also be of sufficient temporal resolution to compute DHWs, thus addressing a major limitation of the direct application of global climate model output (as archived for the IPCC AR4) toward coral-reef studies. Specifically, this study will: (1) collect multiple new, medium-length (15-30 yrs) cores and branches from two dominant reef-building species at 1-30m depth in the Gilbert and Jarvis Islands, central tropical Pacific; (2) apply 3-D CAT scanning and image analysis techniques to quantify systematically thermal thresholds, rates of recovery and resilience for each species, at each reef site and with depth; (3) quantify energetic reserve and symbiont genotype amongst thermally more- and less- resilient colonies, establishing a quantitative link between calcification stress and mortality risk, and determining the physiological basis for calcification responses to thermal stress; (4) use an OGCM specifically tailored to the tropical Pacific to produce a dynamically consistent set of forecasts for near-term climate change at the target reef sites; and (5) combine coral data with model output and refine the projected thermal stress forecast, in degree heating weeks, for corals in this central Pacific Island group over the 21st century.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2014-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Constraining Thermal Thresholds and Projections of Temperature Stress on Pacific Coral Reefs Over the 21st Century: Method Refinement and Application
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	560428
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2010-10
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	7.16
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Comparison of bleaching data to stress bands in Porites corals on Palau reefs.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	Comparison of bleaching data to stress bands in Porites corals on Palau reefs
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	134.22
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	site		String
attribute	site	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	site	description	String	Name of reef site where cores were collected
attribute	site	long_name	String	Site
attribute	site	units	String	unitless
variable	reef_type		String
attribute	reef_type	bcodmo_name	String	site_descrip
attribute	reef_type	description	String	Reef environment at core collection site (Barrier or Lagoon)
attribute	reef_type	long_name	String	Reef Type
attribute	reef_type	units	String	unitless
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	7.16, 7.822
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	Latitude of the reef site; North = positive
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	134.22, 134.562
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	Longitude of the reef site; East = positive
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	year		short
attribute	year	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	year	actual_range	short	1998, 2010
attribute	year	bcodmo_name	String	year
attribute	year	description	String	Year for which stress bands and bleaching data were analyzed
attribute	year	long_name	String	Year
attribute	year	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/YEARXXXX/
attribute	year	units	String	unitless
variable	num_cores		byte
attribute	num_cores	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	num_cores	actual_range	byte	5, 15
attribute	num_cores	bcodmo_name	String	numb_obs
attribute	num_cores	description	String	Number of cores analyzed
attribute	num_cores	long_name	String	Num Cores
attribute	num_cores	units	String	unitless
variable	pcnt_stress_bands		byte
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	actual_range	byte	10, 67
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	bcodmo_name	String	sample_descrip
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	description	String	Percent of coral cores containing stress bands
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	long_name	String	Pcnt Stress Bands
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands	units	String	unitless (percent)
variable	pcnt_stress_bands_SE		byte
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	actual_range	byte	9, 22
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	description	String	Standard error of proportion for percent of coral cores containing stress bands
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	long_name	String	Pcnt Stress Bands SE
attribute	pcnt_stress_bands_SE	units	String	unitless (percent)
variable	mean_pcnt_bleaching		String
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching	bcodmo_name	String	bleach_percent
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching	description	String	Mean observed community bleaching levels
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching	long_name	String	Mean Pcnt Bleaching
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching	units	String	unitless (percent)
variable	mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE		String
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE	description	String	Standard error of mean observed community bleaching levels
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE	long_name	String	Mean Pcnt Bleaching SE
attribute	mean_pcnt_bleaching_SE	units	String	unitless (percent)

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.