Accessing BCO-DMO data
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BCO-DMO ERDDAP
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| Dataset Title: | [grouper-lionfish refuge competition expt] - Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project) (Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish) 
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| Institution: | BCO-DMO (Dataset ID: bcodmo_dataset_3957) |
| Range: | longitude = -76.1075 to -76.1075°E, latitude = 23.774193 to 23.774193°N |
| Information: | Summary
| License
| FGDC
| ISO 19115
| Metadata
| Background
| Subset
| Data Access Form
| Files
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Zoom: ![[The graph you specified. Please be patient.]](https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3957.png?longitude,latitude,replicate&.draw=markers&.marker=5%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff)
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Attributes {
s {
site {
String bcodmo_name "site";
String description "Name of the site.";
String long_name "Site";
String units "text";
}
latitude {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Lat";
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range 23.774192, 23.774192;
String axis "Y";
String bcodmo_name "latitude";
Float64 colorBarMaximum 90.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -90.0;
String description "Latitude of the site.";
String ioos_category "Location";
String long_name "Latitude";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/";
String source_name "lat_site";
String standard_name "latitude";
String units "degrees_north";
}
longitude {
String _CoordinateAxisType "Lon";
Float64 _FillValue NaN;
Float64 actual_range -76.1075, -76.1075;
String axis "X";
String bcodmo_name "longitude";
Float64 colorBarMaximum 180.0;
Float64 colorBarMinimum -180.0;
String description "Longitude of the site.";
String ioos_category "Location";
String long_name "Longitude";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/";
String source_name "lon_site";
String standard_name "longitude";
String units "degrees_east";
}
replicate {
Byte _FillValue 127;
String _Unsigned "false";
Byte actual_range 1, 28;
String bcodmo_name "replicate";
String description "Indicates the (unique) replicate for each size ratio.";
String long_name "Replicate";
String units "integer";
}
location {
String bcodmo_name "site_descrip";
String description "Denotes which in-ground tank (IGTA) was used:IGTA-SW is the in-ground tank on the southwest corner.IGTA-NW is the in-ground tank on the northwest corner.IGTA-NE is the in-ground tank on the northeast corner.";
String long_name "Location";
String units "code";
}
target_size_ratio {
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Indicates the target size raio of lionfish total length to grouper total length.";
String long_name "Target Size Ratio";
String units "dimensionless";
}
actual_size_ratio {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.1865, 4.7639;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "The actual calculated size ratio by dividing the lionfish total length (len_lionfish) by grouper total length (len_grouper).";
String long_name "Actual Size Ratio";
String units "dimensionless";
}
len_lionfish {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 5.6, 34.5;
String bcodmo_name "fish_len";
String description "Total length in centimeters of the lionfish.";
String long_name "Len Lionfish";
String units "cm";
}
len_grouper {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 7.2, 42.1;
String bcodmo_name "fish_len";
String description "Total length in centimeters of the Nassau grouper.";
String long_name "Len Grouper";
String units "cm";
}
date {
String bcodmo_name "date";
String description "Date that each observation was done in mm/dd/YYYY format.";
String long_name "Date";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ADATAA01/";
String units "unitless";
}
time2 {
String bcodmo_name "time";
String description "Time of day of the observations; 24-hour clock.";
String long_name "Time";
String nerc_identifier "https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/AHMSAA01/";
String units "HHMM";
}
lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 5.4;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "The distance between the lionfish and the refuge (cinder block) while in isolation. This distance was recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.";
String long_name "Lionfish To Refuge Dist Scaled";
String units "cm";
}
lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 139.3;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Estimated distance of lionfish to the cinder block (refuge) based on what was recorded on the sheet.";
String long_name "Lionfish To Refuge Dist Actual";
String units "cm";
}
grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 5.7;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "The distance between the Nassau grouper and the refuge (cinder block) while in isolation. This distance was recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.";
String long_name "Grouper To Refuge Dist Scaled";
String units "cm";
}
grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 147.06;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Estimated distance of Nassau grouper to the cinder block (refuge) based on what was recorded on the sheet.";
String long_name "Grouper To Refuge Dist Actual";
String units "cm";
}
lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 9.5;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "The distance between the lionfish and Nassau grouper when together; recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.";
String long_name "Lionfish To Grouper Dist Scaled";
String units "cm";
}
lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual {
Float32 _FillValue NaN;
Float32 actual_range 0.0, 245.1;
String bcodmo_name "unknown";
String description "Estimated distance between the lionfish and Nassau grouper based on sheet recordings.";
String long_name "Lionfish To Grouper Dist Actual";
String units "cm";
}
notes_lionfish {
String bcodmo_name "comment";
String description "Notes about the behavior, position, or movement of lionfish.";
String long_name "Notes Lionfish";
String units "text";
}
notes_grouper {
String bcodmo_name "comment";
String description "Notes about the behavior, position, or movement of Nassau grouper.";
String long_name "Notes Grouper";
String units "text";
}
}
NC_GLOBAL {
String access_formats ".htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson";
String acquisition_description
"In the controlled lab experiment, the investigators tested for evidence of
competition for refuge space between lionfish and Nassau grouper at various
size ratios. They used size ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 3:1 (lionfish:Nassau grouper
TL).\\u00a0 Mesh cages were placed in in-ground tanks with flow-through sea
water. Specimens were first observed in isolation and then together. There was
one refuge space\\u00a0 (half of a cinder block) in each area either during the
isolation period or when the fish were all together. To test for competition,
the investigators established whether or not each specimen was closer to or
further away from the shelter during the isolation period using a random
positioning probability. This procedure was repeated when the two species were
together to look for changes in behavior.
The investigators also tested for whether or not the larger specimen
(predation species) would consume various species, either the opposite
experimental specimen or a common prey fish (Halichoeres bivittatus, common
name Slippery dick wrasse). The following predation events were observed
throughout the experiment:
Predator species | Prey species | Number of predation events
---|---|---
Epinephelus striatus | Pterois volitans | 0
Epinephelus striatus | Halichoeres bivittatus | 7
Pterois volitans | Epinephelus striatus | 0
Pterois volitans | Halichoeres bivittatus | 6
Pterois volitans | Haemulon sp. | 4
\\u00a0";
String awards_0_award_nid "55160";
String awards_0_award_number "OCE-0851162";
String awards_0_data_url "http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0851162";
String awards_0_funder_name "NSF Division of Ocean Sciences";
String awards_0_funding_acronym "NSF OCE";
String awards_0_funding_source_nid "355";
String awards_0_program_manager "David L. Garrison";
String awards_0_program_manager_nid "50534";
String cdm_data_type "Other";
String comment
"Grouper-Lionfish refuge competition lab experiments
(From sub-project \"Interactions between native Nassau grouper and
invasive lionfish\")
Lead PI: Mark Hixon (OSU)
Sub-Project Lead: Timothy J. Pusack (OSU)
Version: 03 June 2013";
String Conventions "COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3";
String creator_email "info@bco-dmo.org";
String creator_name "BCO-DMO";
String creator_type "institution";
String creator_url "https://www.bco-dmo.org/";
String data_source "extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019";
String date_created "2013-06-03T20:52:23Z";
String date_modified "2019-11-06T16:05:54Z";
String defaultDataQuery "&time<now";
String doi "10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3957.1";
Float64 Easternmost_Easting -76.1075;
Float64 geospatial_lat_max 23.774192;
Float64 geospatial_lat_min 23.774192;
String geospatial_lat_units "degrees_north";
Float64 geospatial_lon_max -76.1075;
Float64 geospatial_lon_min -76.1075;
String geospatial_lon_units "degrees_east";
String history
"2024-11-08T06:05:43Z (local files)
2024-11-08T06:05:43Z https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3957.das";
String infoUrl "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3957";
String institution "BCO-DMO";
String keywords "actual, actual_size_ratio, bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, date, dist, dmo, erddap, grouper, grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual, grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled, latitude, len, len_grouper, len_lionfish, lionfish, lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual, lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled, lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual, lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled, longitude, management, notes, notes_grouper, notes_lionfish, oceanography, office, preliminary, ratio, refuge, replicate, scaled, site, size, target, target_size_ratio, time, time2";
String license "https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3957/license";
String metadata_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/3957";
Float64 Northernmost_Northing 23.774192;
String param_mapping "{'3957': {'lat_site': 'flag - latitude', 'lon_site': 'flag - longitude'}}";
String parameter_source "https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/3957/parameters";
String people_0_affiliation "Oregon State University";
String people_0_affiliation_acronym "OSU";
String people_0_person_name "Mark Hixon";
String people_0_person_nid "51647";
String people_0_role "Lead Principal Investigator";
String people_0_role_type "originator";
String people_1_affiliation "Oregon State University";
String people_1_affiliation_acronym "OSU";
String people_1_person_name "Timothy J Pusack";
String people_1_person_nid "51671";
String people_1_role "Scientist";
String people_1_role_type "originator";
String people_2_affiliation "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution";
String people_2_affiliation_acronym "WHOI BCO-DMO";
String people_2_person_name "Shannon Rauch";
String people_2_person_nid "51498";
String people_2_role "BCO-DMO Data Manager";
String people_2_role_type "related";
String project "Lionfish Invasion";
String projects_0_acronym "Lionfish Invasion";
String projects_0_description
"Invasive species are increasingly introduced by human activities to new regions of the world where those species have never existed previously. In the absence of natural enemies (predators, competitors, and diseases) from their homeland, invasives may have strong negative effects on invaded ecosystems, especially systems with fewer species (\"ecological release\"), and may even drive native species extinct. However, if native natural enemies can somehow control the invaders (\"ecological resistance\"), then ecological disruption can be prevented or at least moderated. Most of the many invasive species in the sea have been seaweeds and invertebrates, and the few documented invasive marine fishes have not caused major problems. However, this situation has recently changed in a stunning and ominous way. In the early 1990s, lionfish (Pterois volitans) from the Pacific Ocean were accidentally or intentionally released from aquaria to the ocean in the vicinity of Florida. Camouflaged by shape and color, protected by venomous spines, consuming native coral-reef fishes voraciously, and reproducing rapidly, lionfish have subsequently undergone a population explosion. They now range from the mid-Atlantic coast of the US to the Caribbean, including the Bahamas. Native Atlantic fishes have never before encountered this spiny, stealthy, efficient predator and seldom take evasive action. In fact, the investigator has documented that a single lionfish is capable of reducing the abundance of small fish on a small coral patch reef by nearly 80% in just 5 weeks. There is great concern that invasive lionfish may severely reduce the abundance of native coral-reef fishes important as food for humans (e.g., grouper and snapper in their juvenile stages) as well as species that normally maintain the integrity of coral reefs (e.g., grazing parrotfishes that can prevent seaweeds from smothering corals). There are far more species of coral-reef fish in the Pacific than the Atlantic, so this invasion may represent a case of extreme ecological release with minor ecological resistance. Dr. Hixon and colleagues will study the mechanisms of ecological release in lionfish, as well as examine potential sources of ecological resistance in the heavily invaded Bahamas. Because very little is known about the ecology and behavior of lionfish in their native Pacific range, he will also conduct comparative studies in both oceans, which may provide clues regarding the extreme success of this invasion. In the Bahamas, the investigator will document the direct and indirect effects on native species of the ecological release of lionfish, both as a predator and as a competitor. These studies will be conducted at various scales of time and space, from short-term experiments on small patch reefs, to long-term experiments and observations on large reefs. Whereas direct effects involve mostly changes in the abundance of native species, indirect effects can be highly variable. For example, lionfish may actually indirectly benefit some native species by either consuming or outcompeting the competitors of those natives. The project will explore possible ecological resistance to the invasion by determining whether any native Bahamian species are effective natural enemies of lionfish, including predators, parasites, and competitors of both juvenile and adult lionfish. Comparative studies of natural enemies, as well as lionfish ecology and behavior, in both the Atlantic and the Pacific may provide clues regarding the explosive spread of lionfish in the Atlantic.
Regarding broader impacts, this basic research will provide information valuable to coral-reef and fisheries managers fighting the lionfish invasion in the US, the Bahamas, and the greater Caribbean, especially if sources of native ecological resistance are identified. The study will fund the PhD research of U.S. graduate students, as well as involve assistance and participation by a broad variety of undergraduates and reef/fisheries managers, including women, minorities, native Bahamians, and native Pacific islanders. Participation in this project will promote education in marine ecology and conservation biology directly via Dr. Hixon's and graduate students' teaching and outreach activities, and indirectly via the experiences of undergraduate field assistants and various associates.";
String projects_0_end_date "2012-11";
String projects_0_geolocation "Bahamas; Cayman Islands; Mariana Islands; Philippines";
String projects_0_name "Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish";
String projects_0_project_nid "2256";
String projects_0_project_website "http://hixon.science.oregonstate.edu/content/highlight-lionfish-invasion";
String projects_0_start_date "2009-06";
String publisher_name "Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)";
String publisher_type "institution";
String sourceUrl "(local files)";
Float64 Southernmost_Northing 23.774192;
String standard_name_vocabulary "CF Standard Name Table v55";
String subsetVariables "site,latitude,longitude";
String summary "Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012.";
String title "[grouper-lionfish refuge competition expt] - Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project) (Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish)";
String version "1";
Float64 Westernmost_Easting -76.1075;
String xml_source "osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3";
}
}
Data Access Protocol (DAP) and its
selection constraints.
The URL specifies what you want: the dataset, a description of the graph or the subset of the data, and the file type for the response.
Tabledap request URLs must be in the form
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/datasetID.fileType{?query}
For example,
https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/tabledap/pmelTaoDySst.htmlTable?longitude,latitude,time,station,wmo_platform_code,T_25&time>=2015-05-23T12:00:00Z&time<=2015-05-31T12:00:00Z
Thus, the query is often a comma-separated list of desired variable names,
followed by a collection of
constraints (e.g., variable<value),
each preceded by '&' (which is interpreted as "AND").
For details, see the tabledap Documentation.