ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_3957

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
	set	data	graph		files	public	Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project)		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_3957

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	In the controlled lab experiment, the investigators tested for evidence of competition for refuge space between lionfish and Nassau grouper at various size ratios. They used size ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 3:1 (lionfish:Nassau grouper TL).\u00a0 Mesh cages were placed in in-ground tanks with flow-through sea water. Specimens were first observed in isolation and then together. There was one refuge space\u00a0 (half of a cinder block) in each area either during the isolation period or when the fish were all together. To test for competition, the investigators established whether or not each specimen was closer to or further away from the shelter during the isolation period using a random positioning probability. This procedure was repeated when the two species were together to look for changes in behavior. The investigators also tested for whether or not the larger specimen (predation species) would consume various species, either the opposite experimental specimen or a common prey fish (Halichoeres bivittatus, common name Slippery dick wrasse). The following predation events were observed throughout the experiment: Predator species | Prey species | Number of predation events ---|---|--- Epinephelus striatus | Pterois volitans | 0 Epinephelus striatus | Halichoeres bivittatus | 7 Pterois volitans | Epinephelus striatus | 0 Pterois volitans | Halichoeres bivittatus | 6 Pterois volitans | Haemulon sp. | 4 \u00a0
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	55160
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-0851162
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0851162
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Grouper-Lionfish refuge competition lab experiments (From sub-project "Interactions between native Nassau grouper and invasive lionfish") Lead PI: Mark Hixon (OSU) Sub-Project Lead: Timothy J. Pusack (OSU) Version: 03 June 2013
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2013-06-03T20:52:23Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-11-06T16:05:54Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3957.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Easternmost_Easting	double	-76.1075
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_max	double	23.774192
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_min	double	23.774192
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lat_units	String	degrees_north
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_max	double	-76.1075
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_min	double	-76.1075
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	geospatial_lon_units	String	degrees_east
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3957
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	actual, actual_size_ratio, bco, bco-dmo, biological, chemical, data, dataset, date, dist, dmo, erddap, grouper, grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual, grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled, latitude, len, len_grouper, len_lionfish, lionfish, lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual, lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled, lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual, lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled, longitude, management, notes, notes_grouper, notes_lionfish, oceanography, office, preliminary, ratio, refuge, replicate, scaled, site, size, target, target_size_ratio, time, time2
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3957/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/3957
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Northernmost_Northing	double	23.774192
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'3957': {'lat_site': 'flag - latitude', 'lon_site': 'flag - longitude'}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/3957/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Oregon State University
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	OSU
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Mark Hixon
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51647
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Lead Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Oregon State University
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	OSU
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Timothy J Pusack
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	51671
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Scientist
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Shannon Rauch
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	51498
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	Lionfish Invasion
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	Lionfish Invasion
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	Invasive species are increasingly introduced by human activities to new regions of the world where those species have never existed previously. In the absence of natural enemies (predators, competitors, and diseases) from their homeland, invasives may have strong negative effects on invaded ecosystems, especially systems with fewer species ("ecological release"), and may even drive native species extinct. However, if native natural enemies can somehow control the invaders ("ecological resistance"), then ecological disruption can be prevented or at least moderated. Most of the many invasive species in the sea have been seaweeds and invertebrates, and the few documented invasive marine fishes have not caused major problems. However, this situation has recently changed in a stunning and ominous way. In the early 1990s, lionfish (Pterois volitans) from the Pacific Ocean were accidentally or intentionally released from aquaria to the ocean in the vicinity of Florida. Camouflaged by shape and color, protected by venomous spines, consuming native coral-reef fishes voraciously, and reproducing rapidly, lionfish have subsequently undergone a population explosion. They now range from the mid-Atlantic coast of the US to the Caribbean, including the Bahamas. Native Atlantic fishes have never before encountered this spiny, stealthy, efficient predator and seldom take evasive action. In fact, the investigator has documented that a single lionfish is capable of reducing the abundance of small fish on a small coral patch reef by nearly 80% in just 5 weeks. There is great concern that invasive lionfish may severely reduce the abundance of native coral-reef fishes important as food for humans (e.g., grouper and snapper in their juvenile stages) as well as species that normally maintain the integrity of coral reefs (e.g., grazing parrotfishes that can prevent seaweeds from smothering corals). There are far more species of coral-reef fish in the Pacific than the Atlantic, so this invasion may represent a case of extreme ecological release with minor ecological resistance. Dr. Hixon and colleagues will study the mechanisms of ecological release in lionfish, as well as examine potential sources of ecological resistance in the heavily invaded Bahamas. Because very little is known about the ecology and behavior of lionfish in their native Pacific range, he will also conduct comparative studies in both oceans, which may provide clues regarding the extreme success of this invasion. In the Bahamas, the investigator will document the direct and indirect effects on native species of the ecological release of lionfish, both as a predator and as a competitor. These studies will be conducted at various scales of time and space, from short-term experiments on small patch reefs, to long-term experiments and observations on large reefs. Whereas direct effects involve mostly changes in the abundance of native species, indirect effects can be highly variable. For example, lionfish may actually indirectly benefit some native species by either consuming or outcompeting the competitors of those natives. The project will explore possible ecological resistance to the invasion by determining whether any native Bahamian species are effective natural enemies of lionfish, including predators, parasites, and competitors of both juvenile and adult lionfish. Comparative studies of natural enemies, as well as lionfish ecology and behavior, in both the Atlantic and the Pacific may provide clues regarding the explosive spread of lionfish in the Atlantic. Regarding broader impacts, this basic research will provide information valuable to coral-reef and fisheries managers fighting the lionfish invasion in the US, the Bahamas, and the greater Caribbean, especially if sources of native ecological resistance are identified. The study will fund the PhD research of U.S. graduate students, as well as involve assistance and participation by a broad variety of undergraduates and reef/fisheries managers, including women, minorities, native Bahamians, and native Pacific islanders. Participation in this project will promote education in marine ecology and conservation biology directly via Dr. Hixon's and graduate students' teaching and outreach activities, and indirectly via the experiences of undergraduate field assistants and various associates.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2012-11
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	Bahamas; Cayman Islands; Mariana Islands; Philippines
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	2256
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_website	String	http://hixon.science.oregonstate.edu/content/highlight-lionfish-invasion
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2009-06
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Southernmost_Northing	double	23.774192
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	subsetVariables	String	site,latitude,longitude
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	Results of lab experiment examining competition for refuge space between invasive lionfish and Nassau grouper; conducted at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas from 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Westernmost_Easting	double	-76.1075
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	site		String
attribute	site	bcodmo_name	String	site
attribute	site	description	String	Name of the site.
attribute	site	long_name	String	Site
attribute	site	units	String	text
variable	latitude		double
attribute	latitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lat
attribute	latitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	latitude	actual_range	double	23.774192, 23.774192
attribute	latitude	axis	String	Y
attribute	latitude	bcodmo_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	colorBarMaximum	double	90.0
attribute	latitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-90.0
attribute	latitude	description	String	Latitude of the site.
attribute	latitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	latitude	long_name	String	Latitude
attribute	latitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LATX/
attribute	latitude	source_name	String	lat_site
attribute	latitude	standard_name	String	latitude
attribute	latitude	units	String	degrees_north
variable	longitude		double
attribute	longitude	_CoordinateAxisType	String	Lon
attribute	longitude	_FillValue	double	NaN
attribute	longitude	actual_range	double	-76.1075, -76.1075
attribute	longitude	axis	String	X
attribute	longitude	bcodmo_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	colorBarMaximum	double	180.0
attribute	longitude	colorBarMinimum	double	-180.0
attribute	longitude	description	String	Longitude of the site.
attribute	longitude	ioos_category	String	Location
attribute	longitude	long_name	String	Longitude
attribute	longitude	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/LONX/
attribute	longitude	source_name	String	lon_site
attribute	longitude	standard_name	String	longitude
attribute	longitude	units	String	degrees_east
variable	replicate		byte
attribute	replicate	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	replicate	actual_range	byte	1, 28
attribute	replicate	bcodmo_name	String	replicate
attribute	replicate	description	String	Indicates the (unique) replicate for each size ratio.
attribute	replicate	long_name	String	Replicate
attribute	replicate	units	String	integer
variable	location		String
attribute	location	bcodmo_name	String	site_descrip
attribute	location	description	String	Denotes which in-ground tank (IGTA) was used:IGTA-SW is the in-ground tank on the southwest corner.IGTA-NW is the in-ground tank on the northwest corner.IGTA-NE is the in-ground tank on the northeast corner.
attribute	location	long_name	String	Location
attribute	location	units	String	code
variable	target_size_ratio		String
attribute	target_size_ratio	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	target_size_ratio	description	String	Indicates the target size raio of lionfish total length to grouper total length.
attribute	target_size_ratio	long_name	String	Target Size Ratio
attribute	target_size_ratio	units	String	dimensionless
variable	actual_size_ratio		float
attribute	actual_size_ratio	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	actual_size_ratio	actual_range	float	0.1865, 4.7639
attribute	actual_size_ratio	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	actual_size_ratio	description	String	The actual calculated size ratio by dividing the lionfish total length (len_lionfish) by grouper total length (len_grouper).
attribute	actual_size_ratio	long_name	String	Actual Size Ratio
attribute	actual_size_ratio	units	String	dimensionless
variable	len_lionfish		float
attribute	len_lionfish	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	len_lionfish	actual_range	float	5.6, 34.5
attribute	len_lionfish	bcodmo_name	String	fish_len
attribute	len_lionfish	description	String	Total length in centimeters of the lionfish.
attribute	len_lionfish	long_name	String	Len Lionfish
attribute	len_lionfish	units	String	cm
variable	len_grouper		float
attribute	len_grouper	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	len_grouper	actual_range	float	7.2, 42.1
attribute	len_grouper	bcodmo_name	String	fish_len
attribute	len_grouper	description	String	Total length in centimeters of the Nassau grouper.
attribute	len_grouper	long_name	String	Len Grouper
attribute	len_grouper	units	String	cm
variable	date		String
attribute	date	bcodmo_name	String	date
attribute	date	description	String	Date that each observation was done in mm/dd/YYYY format.
attribute	date	long_name	String	Date
attribute	date	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ADATAA01/
attribute	date	units	String	unitless
variable	time2		String
attribute	time2	bcodmo_name	String	time
attribute	time2	description	String	Time of day of the observations; 24-hour clock.
attribute	time2	long_name	String	Time
attribute	time2	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/AHMSAA01/
attribute	time2	units	String	HHMM
variable	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled		float
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	actual_range	float	0.0, 5.4
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	description	String	The distance between the lionfish and the refuge (cinder block) while in isolation. This distance was recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	long_name	String	Lionfish To Refuge Dist Scaled
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_scaled	units	String	cm
variable	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual		float
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	actual_range	float	0.0, 139.3
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	description	String	Estimated distance of lionfish to the cinder block (refuge) based on what was recorded on the sheet.
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	long_name	String	Lionfish To Refuge Dist Actual
attribute	lionfish_to_refuge_dist_actual	units	String	cm
variable	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled		float
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	actual_range	float	0.0, 5.7
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	description	String	The distance between the Nassau grouper and the refuge (cinder block) while in isolation. This distance was recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	long_name	String	Grouper To Refuge Dist Scaled
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_scaled	units	String	cm
variable	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual		float
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	actual_range	float	0.0, 147.06
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	description	String	Estimated distance of Nassau grouper to the cinder block (refuge) based on what was recorded on the sheet.
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	long_name	String	Grouper To Refuge Dist Actual
attribute	grouper_to_refuge_dist_actual	units	String	cm
variable	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled		float
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	actual_range	float	0.0, 9.5
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	description	String	The distance between the lionfish and Nassau grouper when together; recorded on a sheet of paper with a scaled schematic of the actual cage dimensions.
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	long_name	String	Lionfish To Grouper Dist Scaled
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_scaled	units	String	cm
variable	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual		float
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	actual_range	float	0.0, 245.1
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	description	String	Estimated distance between the lionfish and Nassau grouper based on sheet recordings.
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	long_name	String	Lionfish To Grouper Dist Actual
attribute	lionfish_to_grouper_dist_actual	units	String	cm
variable	notes_lionfish		String
attribute	notes_lionfish	bcodmo_name	String	comment
attribute	notes_lionfish	description	String	Notes about the behavior, position, or movement of lionfish.
attribute	notes_lionfish	long_name	String	Notes Lionfish
attribute	notes_lionfish	units	String	text
variable	notes_grouper		String
attribute	notes_grouper	bcodmo_name	String	comment
attribute	notes_grouper	description	String	Notes about the behavior, position, or movement of Nassau grouper.
attribute	notes_grouper	long_name	String	Notes Grouper
attribute	notes_grouper	units	String	text

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.