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     data   graph     files  public Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont
density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch
reefs; 2010
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The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type Variable Name Attribute Name Data Type Value
attribute NC_GLOBAL access_formats String .htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv
attribute NC_GLOBAL acquisition_description String Experimental setup and conditions
This experiment was conducted at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
(BIOS) in St. George\u2019s, Bermuda. The experimental treatments were two CO2
levels (high and ambient) and two feeding conditions (fed and unfed). The two
pCO2 levels were established in static 5.5 gallon aquaria filled with serially
filtered (50, 5 um) seawater prior to the addition of metamorphosed larvae.
These conditions were achieved and maintained by directly bubbling air (in the
ambient condition) or CO2 -enriched air (high CO2 treatment) through micropore
bubble \"wands\" fixed horizontally approximately 5 cm from the base of each
aquarium. A pair of Aalborg mass flow controllers maintained the CO2
concentration of the enriched treatment. The resultant average calculated pCO2
for ambient and high CO2 conditions were 421 \u00b1 35 and 1,311 \u00b1 76
uatm (mean \u00b1 SD), respectively, with corresponding average \u03a9ar of
3.66 \u00b1 0.15 and 1.63 \u00b1 0.08 (mean \u00b1 SD), respectively. \u03a9ar
of the high CO2 treatments is within range of average global surface ocean
\u03a9ar predicted by global climate models for the end of this century under
the IPCC SRES A2 (Steinacher et al. 2009). Corals in fed treatments were
isolated (every night for 2 weeks, every other night for the third week) for 3
h in 12.5 cm x 12.5 cm x 3 cm plastic containers filled with seawater from
their respective treatment tanks and provided with 24-h-old Artemia nauplii
(brine shrimp). Feeding took place at night, shortly after lights were
switched off to mimic crepuscular feeding and temporal zooplankton abundance
observed in local coral reef environments (Lewis and Price 1975). Unfed corals
were not provided nauplii during the 3-week experiment and were not isolated
in empty feeding containers. Each CO2 -feeding treatment was conducted in
triplicate for a total of twelve aquaria, and all treatments were kept on a
12/12 h light\u2013dark cycle. Fluorescent aquarium lamps maintained maximum
light levels of 62 \u00b1 8 umol quanta m-2 s-1 (mean \u00b1 SD), which were
monitored using a LI-COR probe/meter assemblage. The compensation range for F.
fragum spat on Bermuda is not yet known. The investigators used the low end of
known compensation ranges for corals (e.g. 3\u2013233 umol quanta m-2 s-1 as
reported by Mass et al. 2007) for two reasons. The first was to ensure that
corals under elevated CO2 did not bleach (as experienced by Anthony et al.
2009), and the second was to minimize the potential for enhanced
photosynthesis to overwhelm or inhibit the feeding-modulated calcification
response to elevated CO2. Aquarium temperatures were maintained by in-line
chiller/heater systems and monitored every 15 min (Hobo temperature loggers,
Onset Corp.). Average temperature for all treatments over the course of the
experiment was 27.6 \u00b1 0.1 degrees C (\u00b1 SD).

Aquarium water was replaced with filtered seawater every week to prevent the
build-up of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and other wastes. Prior to removing
water from the aquaria, discrete water samples were collected for salinity,
alkalinity (Alk), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from every aquarium.
Salinity was measured at BIOS with an Autosal salinometer. The Alk/DIC samples
were poisoned with mercuric chloride immediately after collection and analyzed
using a Marianda VINDTA-3C analysis system at WHOI. Alkalinity was determined
by nonlinear curve fitting of data obtained by open-cell titrations, and DIC
concentrations were determined by coulometric analysis. Both measurements were
standardized using certified reference materials obtained from Dr. A. Dickson
(Scripps IO). The pH (NBS) of each tank was measured every 3\u20134 d (Orion
pH meter and temperature- compensated electrode) to provide a real-time
assessment of tank chemistry. Short-term variations in NBS pH were also
assessed on a higher-resolution time scale: for one, 24-h period, by measuring
pH in each aquarium at 3-h time intervals. The pH within each tank was
maintained within \u00b1 a few hundredths of a pH unit on both sub-weekly and
sub-daily time scales. The carbonate system parameters used to compare
treatments (pCO2, [HCO3- ], [CO32-], and \u03a9ar) were calculated from the
average temperature and discretely sampled salinity, Alk, and DIC data using
the CO2SYS program (Lewis and Wallace 1998; Pelletier et al. 2007) with the
constants of Mehrbach et al. (1973) as refit by Dickson and Millero (1987).

Coral collection, spawning, and larval settlement
In July 2010, approximately 1 week prior to anticipated peak larval release
date (Goodbody-Gringley and de Putron 2009), the investigators collected 30
mature colonies of the brooding coral, F. fragum, from the Bailey\u2019s Bay
patch reefs off the northwest Bermudan coast at approximately three to seven
meters water depth. Adult colonies were maintained in outdoor flow-through
seawater aquaria at BIOS under ambient light and temperature conditions.
Parent colonies were kept isolated in glass jars during planula release, which
occurred over the course of 6 nights. The live zooxanthellate planulae were
collected from all parents and pooled together. Ceramic tiles, approximately 9
square cm, were left out on the reef for 2 months prior to the start of the
experiment and further conditioned for larval settlement by scattering bits of
freshly collected crustose coralline algae on the tiles. Immediately after
collection, actively swimming larvae were transferred to small plastic tubs
each containing ceramic tiles and filled with seawater preset to targeted CO2
levels. The tubs had mesh lids, allowing for water exchange, while they are
submerged in the treatment aquaria. After 48 h, larvae had settled and
metamorphosed into primary polyps (at this stage, larvae are \"spat\"). Spat
on tiles were quickly counted, and tiles were pseudo-randomly distributed
among the experimental aquaria so that each aquarium had approximately the
same number of juvenile corals. Calcification was visible approximately 3 d
after settlement. At the end of 3 weeks (\u00b1 1 d), 20\u201350 primary
polyps (including their primary corallite) per treatment were removed from the
tiles and frozen at- 80 degrees C for analysis of total lipid. Tiles were then
removed from treatments and submerged in a 10% bleach solution for 1 h, which
removed the polyp tissue from all of the remaining juvenile corals and exposed
the calcified skeleton or primary corallite.

Quantification of baby coral skeletal development, size, and weight
Each bleached skeleton was digitally photographed, removed from the tile,
and weighed using a Metro-Toledo micro-balance. Images of the baby corals
(i.e. spat) were examined for skeletal development and size using Spot Imaging
software. Length of the primary septa (present in all samples) was used to
estimate corallite diameter (i.e., size). The septa are lateral CaCO3 plates
that corals accrete in cycles. In our experiment, most spat accreted both
primary and secondary septa; the tertiary septa were the last septal cycle
accreted by any of the juvenile corals. Rate of skeletal development was
defined as percent spat exhibiting tertiary septa, and a two-way ANOVA was
used to test for differences in the mean proportion of spat with tertiary
septa between the treatments. Feeding treatment and CO2 level were fixed
effects. Data were arc sin square root transformed to homogenize variances
prior to analyses. To test for differences in mean spat weight and diameter
among treatments, a two-way, nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
was performed on natural log transformed weight data and square root
transformed diameter data. Feeding treatment and CO2 levels were fixed main
effects, while tank effect was the random factor nested within feeding and CO2
levels. Eight univariate F tests were conducted to test each of the dependent
variables. A Bonferonni corrected alpha value of 0.0062 was used to declare
significance of F statistics. It should be noted that the MANOVA only
considers corals that have data for both diameter and weight. If part of a
corallite is lost during weighing or was attached to coralline algae, both
coral size and weight were excluded from the MANOVA analyses. Likewise, if the
skeleton was irregularly shaped (i.e., primary septa did not lie in a straight
line), the data for those corals were not included. In order to account for
any bias that may have resulted from corallite exclusion in the MANOVA, ANOVAs
for the dependent variables, weight, and diameter were conducted. These tests
considered all data for a given dependent variable to compare with the
MANOVA\u2019s univariate results.

Quantification of baby coral total lipid and symbiont density
Ten individual spat from each aquarium were pooled per tissue lipid sample
for quantification of total lipid by gravimetric analysis. Pooling was
necessary due to the small size of the spat at 3 weeks. Extraction methods
follow that of Folch et al. (1957) and Cantin et al. (2007). Five individual
spat from each aquarium were pooled per sample for quantification of symbiont
density. Spat were homogenized, centrifuged and the resultant pellet was re-
suspended in 250 l L filtered seawater. Symbionts from multiple (6\u20139)
aliquot sub-samples of the slurry were counted on a known volume hemocytometer
grid. Both total tissue lipid and symbiont counts were normalized to the
circular area described by the average primary septa length (diameter) for a
respective tank and then divided by the number of corals pooled in the sample
(i.e., 10 or 5). Both area-normalized lipid content and symbiont density were
compared among levels of CO2 and feeding conditions using two-way ANOVAs with
tank as a random factor nested within the CO2 and feeding combinations. Total
lipid concentration was transformed to - 1/x in order to homogenize the
variances. All statistical analyses were conducted on SYSTAT.
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_award_nid String 54741
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_award_number String OCE-1041052
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_data_url String http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1041052 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funder_name String NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funding_acronym String NSF OCE
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_funding_source_nid String 355
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_program_manager String David L. Garrison
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_0_program_manager_nid String 50534
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_award_nid String 54896
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_award_number String OCE-1041106
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_data_url String http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1041106 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funder_name String NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funding_acronym String NSF OCE
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_funding_source_nid String 355
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_program_manager String David L. Garrison
attribute NC_GLOBAL awards_1_program_manager_nid String 50534
attribute NC_GLOBAL cdm_data_type String Other
attribute NC_GLOBAL comment String Carbonate Chemistry and Coral Data
from OA/Feeding Experiment
PI: Anne Cohen (WHOI)
Co-PIs: S. de Putron (BIOS), D. McCorkle (WHOI), A. Tarrant (WHOI)
Contact: Elizabeth Drenkard (WHOI)
Version: 10 Sept 2013
attribute NC_GLOBAL Conventions String COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_email String info at bco-dmo.org
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_name String BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_type String institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL creator_url String https://www.bco-dmo.org/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL data_source String extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_created String 2013-09-10T19:55:40Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL date_modified String 2019-11-14T19:47:17Z
attribute NC_GLOBAL defaultDataQuery String &time<now
attribute NC_GLOBAL doi String 10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.4040.1
attribute NC_GLOBAL infoUrl String https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/4040 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL institution String BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_acronym String salinometer
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description String Salinity was measured at BIOS with an Autosal salinometer.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid String 6286
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_description String The salinometer is an instrument for measuring the salinity of a water sample.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB30/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_instrument_name String Autosal salinometer
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_instrument_nid String 576
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_0_supplied_name String Autosal salinometer
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_acronym String Water Temp Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_dataset_instrument_description String Aquarium temperatures were maintained by in-line chiller/heater systems and monitored every 15 min using Hobo temperature loggers (Onset Corp.).
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid String 6285
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_description String General term for an instrument that measures the temperature of the water with which it is in contact (thermometer).
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/134/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_instrument_name String Water Temperature Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_instrument_nid String 647
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_1_supplied_name String Water Temperature Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_acronym String pH Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_dataset_instrument_description String The pH (NBS) of each tank was measured using an Orion pH meter and temperature-compensated electrode.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_dataset_instrument_nid String 6288
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_description String General term for an instrument that measures the pH or how acidic or basic a solution is.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_instrument_name String pH Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_instrument_nid String 674
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_2_supplied_name String pH Sensor
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_acronym String inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_dataset_instrument_description String The Alk/DIC samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride immediately after collection and analyzed using a Marianda VINDTA-3C analysis system at WHOI.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_dataset_instrument_nid String 6287
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_description String The Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) 3C is a laboratory alkalinity titration system combined with an extraction unit for coulometric titration, which simultaneously determines the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon content of a sample. The sample transport is performed with peristaltic pumps and acid is added to the sample using a membrane pump. No pressurizing system is required and only one gas supply (nitrogen or dry and CO2-free air) is necessary. The system uses a Metrohm Titrino 719S, an ORION-Ross pH electrode and a Metrohm reference electrode. The burette, the pipette and the analysis cell have a water jacket around them. Precision is typically +/- 1 umol/kg for TA and/or DIC in open ocean water.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_instrument_external_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0481/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_instrument_name String MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_instrument_nid String 686
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_3_supplied_name String MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_acronym String Aquarium
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_dataset_instrument_nid String 6283
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_description String Aquarium - a vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are kept
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_instrument_name String Aquarium
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_instrument_nid String 711
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_4_supplied_name String Aquarium
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_acronym String MFC
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_dataset_instrument_description String A pair of Aalborg mass flow controllers maintained the CO2 concentration of the enriched treatment.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_dataset_instrument_nid String 6284
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_description String Mass Flow Controller (MFC) - A device used to measure and control the flow of fluids and gases
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_instrument_name String Mass Flow Controller
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_instrument_nid String 712
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_5_supplied_name String Mass Flow Controller
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_acronym String Scale
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_dataset_instrument_description String Bleached skeletons were weighed using a Metro-Toledo micro-balance.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_dataset_instrument_nid String 6289
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_description String An instrument used to measure weight or mass.
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_instrument_external_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/ (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_instrument_name String Scale
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_instrument_nid String 714
attribute NC_GLOBAL instruments_6_supplied_name String Scale
attribute NC_GLOBAL keywords String alk, alk_sd, altimetry, arag, AragSat, AragSat_sd, area, bco, bco-dmo, biological, carbonate, chemical, chemistry, co3, CO3_sd, corallite, CoralliteWt, CoralliteWt_se, data, dataset, density, diam, dic, DIC_sd, dmo, earth, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > pH, erddap, hco3, HCO3_sd, laboratory, lipid, management, ocean, oceanography, oceans, office, pcnt, PcntSpat3oSepta, PcntSpat3oSepta_se, per, pH_sd, preliminary, reported, sal, sal_sd, sat, satellite, scale, science, sea, sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scale, seawater, septa, SeptaDiam, SeptaDiam_se, spat3o, symbiont, SymbiontDensity, SymbiontDensity_se, tank, TankAragSat, TankAragSat_se, TankCoralliteWt, TankCoralliteWt_se, tot, total, TotLipid_per_area, TotLipid_per_area_se, treatment, water
attribute NC_GLOBAL keywords_vocabulary String GCMD Science Keywords
attribute NC_GLOBAL license String https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/4040/license (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL metadata_source String https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/4040 (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL param_mapping String {'4040': {}}
attribute NC_GLOBAL parameter_source String https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/4040/parameters (external link)
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_affiliation_acronym String WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_person_name String Anne L Cohen
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_person_nid String 51428
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_role String Lead Principal Investigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_0_role_type String originator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_affiliation String Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_affiliation_acronym String BIOS
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_person_name String Samantha J. de Putron
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_person_nid String 51431
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_role String Co-Principal Investigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_1_role_type String originator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_affiliation_acronym String WHOI
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_person_name String Daniel C McCorkle
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_person_nid String 51429
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_role String Co-Principal Investigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_2_role_type String originator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_affiliation_acronym String WHOI
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_person_name String Ann M. Tarrant
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_person_nid String 51430
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_role String Co-Principal Investigator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_3_role_type String originator
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_affiliation_acronym String WHOI
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_person_name String Elizabeth Drenkard
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_person_nid String 51723
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_role String Contact
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_4_role_type String related
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_affiliation String Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_affiliation_acronym String WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_person_name String Shannon Rauch
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_person_nid String 51498
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_role String BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute NC_GLOBAL people_5_role_type String related
attribute NC_GLOBAL project String OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_acronym String OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_description String The project description is a modification of the original NSF award abstract.
This research project is part of the larger NSF funded CRI-OA collaborative research initiative and was funded as an Ocean Acidification-Category 1, 2010 award. Over the course of this century, all tropical coral reef ecosystems, whether fringing heavily populated coastlines or lining remote islands and atolls, face unprecedented threat from ocean acidification caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2. In many laboratory experiments conducted to date, calcium carbonate production (calcification) by scleractinian (stony) corals showed an inverse correlation to seawater saturation state OMEGAar), whether OMEGAar was manipulated by acid or CO2 addition. Based on these data, it is predicted that coral calcification rates could decline by up to 80% of modern values by the end of this century. A growing body of new experimental data however, suggests that the coral calcification response to ocean acidification may be less straightforward and a lot more variable than previously recognized. In at least 10 recent experiments including our own, 8 different tropical and temperate species reared under nutritionally-replete but significantly elevated CO2 conditions (780-1200 ppm, OMEAGar ~1.5-2), continued to calcify at rates comparable to conspecifics reared under ambient CO2. These experimental results are consistent with initial field data collected on reefs in the eastern Pacific and southern Oman, where corals today live and accrete their skeletons under conditions equivalent to 2X and 3X pre-industrial CO2. On these high CO2, high nutrient reefs (where nitrate concentrations typically exceed 2.5 micro-molar), coral growth rates rival, and sometimes even exceed, those of conspecifics in low CO2, oligotrophic reef environments.
The investigators propose that a coral's energetic status, tightly coupled to the availability of inorganic nutrients and/or food, is a key factor in the calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Their hypothesis, if confirmed by the proposed laboratory investigations, implies that predicted changes in coastal and open ocean nutrient concentrations over the course of this century, driven by both climate impacts on ocean stratification and by increased human activity in coastal regions, could play a critical role in exacerbating and in some areas, modulating the coral reef response to ocean acidification. This research program builds on the investigators initial results and observations. The planned laboratory experiments will test the hypothesis that: (1) The coral calcification response to ocean acidification is linked to the energetic status of the coral host. The relative contribution of symbiont photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding to a coral's energetic status varies amongst species. Enhancing the energetic status of corals reared under high CO2, either by stimulating photosynthesis with inorganic nutrients or by direct heterotrophic feeding of the host lowers the sensitivity of calcification to decreased seawater OMEGAar; (2) A species-specific threshold CO2 level exists over which enhanced energetic status can no longer compensate for decreased OMEGAar of the external seawater. Similarly, we will test the hypothesis that a nutrient threshold exists over which nutrients become detrimental for calcification even under high CO2 conditions; and (3) Temperature-induced reduction of algal symbionts is one stressor that can reduce the energetic reserve of the coral host and exacerbate the calcification response to ocean acidification.
The investigator's initial findings highlight the critical importance of energetic status in the coral calcification response to ocean acidification. Verification of these findings in the laboratory, and identification of nutrient and CO2 thresholds for a range of species will have immediate, direct impact on predictions of reef resilience in a high CO2 world. The research project brings together a diverse group of expertise in coral biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, molecular biology and coral reproductive ecology to focus on a problem that has enormous societal, economic and conservation relevance.
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_end_date String 2013-09
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_geolocation String global; experimental
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_name String An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_project_nid String 2183
attribute NC_GLOBAL projects_0_start_date String 2010-10
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_name String Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute NC_GLOBAL publisher_type String institution
attribute NC_GLOBAL sourceUrl String (local files)
attribute NC_GLOBAL standard_name_vocabulary String CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute NC_GLOBAL summary String Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch reefs; 2010
attribute NC_GLOBAL title String Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch reefs; 2010
attribute NC_GLOBAL version String 1
attribute NC_GLOBAL xml_source String osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable treatment   String  
attribute treatment bcodmo_name String treatment
attribute treatment description String Experimental treatment/condition.
attribute treatment long_name String Treatment
attribute treatment units String text
variable sal   float  
attribute sal _FillValue float NaN
attribute sal actual_range float 37.0, 37.6
attribute sal bcodmo_name String sal
attribute sal description String Salinity; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute sal long_name String Sal
attribute sal nerc_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PSALST01/ (external link)
attribute sal units String psu
variable sal_sd   float  
attribute sal_sd _FillValue float NaN
attribute sal_sd actual_range float 0.2, 0.3
attribute sal_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute sal_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute sal_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute sal_sd description String Standard deviation of 'sal'.
attribute sal_sd long_name String Sal Sd
attribute sal_sd units String psu
variable alk   short  
attribute alk _FillValue short 32767
attribute alk actual_range short 2324, 2332
attribute alk bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute alk description String Alkalinity; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute alk long_name String Alk
attribute alk units String microequivalent per kilogram (ueq/kg)
variable alk_sd   byte  
attribute alk_sd _FillValue byte 127
attribute alk_sd actual_range byte 9, 23
attribute alk_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute alk_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute alk_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute alk_sd description String Standard deviation of 'alk'.
attribute alk_sd long_name String Alk Sd
attribute alk_sd units String microequivalent per kilogram (ueq/kg)
variable DIC   short  
attribute DIC _FillValue short 32767
attribute DIC actual_range short 1984, 2213
attribute DIC bcodmo_name String DIC
attribute DIC description String Concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute DIC long_name String DIC
attribute DIC units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable DIC_sd   byte  
attribute DIC_sd _FillValue byte 127
attribute DIC_sd actual_range byte 16, 33
attribute DIC_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute DIC_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute DIC_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute DIC_sd description String Standard deviation of 'DIC'.
attribute DIC_sd long_name String DIC Sd
attribute DIC_sd units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable pH   float  
attribute pH _FillValue float NaN
attribute pH actual_range float 7.72, 8.2
attribute pH bcodmo_name String pH
attribute pH colorBarMaximum double 9.0
attribute pH colorBarMinimum double 7.0
attribute pH description String pH; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute pH long_name String Sea Water Ph Reported On Total Scale
attribute pH nerc_identifier String https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PHXXZZXX/ (external link)
attribute pH units String NBS
variable pH_sd   float  
attribute pH_sd _FillValue float NaN
attribute pH_sd actual_range float 0.0, 0.02
attribute pH_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute pH_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute pH_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute pH_sd description String Standard deviation of 'pH'.
attribute pH_sd long_name String P H SD
attribute pH_sd units String NBS
variable HCO3   short  
attribute HCO3 _FillValue short 32767
attribute HCO3 actual_range short 1735, 2076
attribute HCO3 bcodmo_name String bicarbonate
attribute HCO3 description String Concentration of bicarbonate ions; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute HCO3 long_name String HCO3
attribute HCO3 units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable HCO3_sd   byte  
attribute HCO3_sd _FillValue byte 127
attribute HCO3_sd actual_range byte 13, 39
attribute HCO3_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute HCO3_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute HCO3_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute HCO3_sd description String Standard deviation of 'HCO3'.
attribute HCO3_sd long_name String HCO3 Sd
attribute HCO3_sd units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable CO3   short  
attribute CO3 _FillValue short 32767
attribute CO3 actual_range short 101, 238
attribute CO3 bcodmo_name String carbonate
attribute CO3 description String Concentration of carbonate ions; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute CO3 long_name String CO3
attribute CO3 units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable CO3_sd   byte  
attribute CO3_sd _FillValue byte 127
attribute CO3_sd actual_range byte 3, 9
attribute CO3_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute CO3_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute CO3_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute CO3_sd description String Standard deviation of 'CO3'.
attribute CO3_sd long_name String CO3 Sd
attribute CO3_sd units String micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable AragSat   float  
attribute AragSat _FillValue float NaN
attribute AragSat actual_range float 1.6, 3.76
attribute AragSat bcodmo_name String OM_ar
attribute AragSat description String Aragonite saturation state; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment. (The saturation state of seawater with respect to aragonite is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for aragonite to form or to dissolve, and is defined as the product of the concentrations of dissolved calcium and carbonate ions in seawater, divided by their product at equilibrium.)
attribute AragSat long_name String Arag Sat
attribute AragSat units String dimensionless
variable AragSat_sd   float  
attribute AragSat_sd _FillValue float NaN
attribute AragSat_sd actual_range float 0.03, 0.15
attribute AragSat_sd bcodmo_name String standard deviation
attribute AragSat_sd colorBarMaximum double 50.0
attribute AragSat_sd colorBarMinimum double 0.0
attribute AragSat_sd description String Standard deviation of 'AragSat'.
attribute AragSat_sd long_name String Arag Sat Sd
attribute AragSat_sd units String dimensionless
variable PcntSpat3oSepta   byte  
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta _FillValue byte 127
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta actual_range byte 7, 82
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta description String Percent of spat with tertiary septat; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta long_name String Pcnt Spat3o Septa
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta units String %
variable PcntSpat3oSepta_se   byte  
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se actual_range byte 4, 7
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se description String Standard error of 'PcntSpat3oSepta'.
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se long_name String Pcnt Spat3o Septa Se
attribute PcntSpat3oSepta_se units String %
variable SeptaDiam   short  
attribute SeptaDiam _FillValue short 32767
attribute SeptaDiam actual_range short 1323, 2133
attribute SeptaDiam bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute SeptaDiam description String Septa diameter; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute SeptaDiam long_name String Septa Diam
attribute SeptaDiam units String micrometers (um)
variable SeptaDiam_se   byte  
attribute SeptaDiam_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute SeptaDiam_se actual_range byte 23, 35
attribute SeptaDiam_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute SeptaDiam_se description String Standard error of 'SeptaDiam'.
attribute SeptaDiam_se long_name String Septa Diam Se
attribute SeptaDiam_se units String micrometers (um)
variable CoralliteWt   short  
attribute CoralliteWt _FillValue short 32767
attribute CoralliteWt actual_range short 250, 547
attribute CoralliteWt bcodmo_name String weight
attribute CoralliteWt description String Total corallite weight; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute CoralliteWt long_name String Corallite Wt
attribute CoralliteWt units String micrograms (ug)
variable CoralliteWt_se   byte  
attribute CoralliteWt_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute CoralliteWt_se actual_range byte 7, 29
attribute CoralliteWt_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute CoralliteWt_se description String Standard error of 'CoralliteWt'.
attribute CoralliteWt_se long_name String Corallite Wt Se
attribute CoralliteWt_se units String micrograms (ug)
variable TotLipid_per_area   byte  
attribute TotLipid_per_area _FillValue byte 127
attribute TotLipid_per_area actual_range byte 10, 13
attribute TotLipid_per_area bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute TotLipid_per_area description String Area-normalized total tissue lipid weight; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute TotLipid_per_area long_name String Tot Lipid Per Area
attribute TotLipid_per_area units String micrograms per square millimeter (ug/mm^2)
variable TotLipid_per_area_se   byte  
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se actual_range byte 0, 2
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se description String Standard error of 'TotLipid_per_area'.
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se long_name String Tot Lipid Per Area Se
attribute TotLipid_per_area_se units String micrograms per square millimeter (ug/mm^2)
variable SymbiontDensity   byte  
attribute SymbiontDensity _FillValue byte 127
attribute SymbiontDensity actual_range byte 14, 23
attribute SymbiontDensity bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute SymbiontDensity description String Symbionts per area; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute SymbiontDensity long_name String Symbiont Density
attribute SymbiontDensity units String x1000 cells per square millimeter (x10^3 cells/mm^2)
variable SymbiontDensity_se   byte  
attribute SymbiontDensity_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute SymbiontDensity_se actual_range byte 2, 4
attribute SymbiontDensity_se bcodmo_name String unknown
attribute SymbiontDensity_se description String Standard error of 'SymbiontDensity'.
attribute SymbiontDensity_se long_name String Symbiont Density Se
attribute SymbiontDensity_se units String x1000 cells per square millimeter (x10^3 cells/mm^2)
variable tank   byte  
attribute tank _FillValue byte 127
attribute tank actual_range byte 1, 12
attribute tank bcodmo_name String tank
attribute tank description String Identification number of the experimental tank.
attribute tank long_name String Tank
attribute tank units String integer
variable TankAragSat   float  
attribute TankAragSat _FillValue float NaN
attribute TankAragSat actual_range float 1.54, 3.79
attribute TankAragSat bcodmo_name String OM_ar
attribute TankAragSat description String Aragonite saturation state in the specified tank.
attribute TankAragSat long_name String Tank Arag Sat
attribute TankAragSat units String dimensionless
variable TankAragSat_se   float  
attribute TankAragSat_se _FillValue float NaN
attribute TankAragSat_se actual_range float 0.01, 0.26
attribute TankAragSat_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute TankAragSat_se description String Standard error of 'TankAragSat'.
attribute TankAragSat_se long_name String Tank Arag Sat Se
attribute TankAragSat_se units String dimensionless
variable TankCoralliteWt   short  
attribute TankCoralliteWt _FillValue short 32767
attribute TankCoralliteWt actual_range short 237, 578
attribute TankCoralliteWt bcodmo_name String weight
attribute TankCoralliteWt description String Total corallite weight in the specified tank.
attribute TankCoralliteWt long_name String Tank Corallite Wt
attribute TankCoralliteWt units String micrograms (ug)
variable TankCoralliteWt_se   byte  
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se _FillValue byte 127
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se actual_range byte 11, 59
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se bcodmo_name String standard error
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se description String Standard error of 'TankCoralliteWt'.
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se long_name String Tank Corallite Wt Se
attribute TankCoralliteWt_se units String micrograms (ug)

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