ERDDAP > info > bcodmo_dataset_4040

Grid DAP Data	Sub- set	Table DAP Data	Make A Graph	W M S	Source Data Files	Acces- sible	Title	Sum- mary	FGDC, ISO, Metadata	Back- ground Info	RSS	E mail	Institution	Dataset ID
		data	graph		files	public	[carbonate chemistry and corals expt] - Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch reefs; 2010 (An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification)		I   M	background			BCO-DMO	bcodmo_dataset_4040

The Dataset's Variables and Attributes

Row Type	Variable Name	Attribute Name	Data Type	Value
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	access_formats	String	.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	acquisition_description	String	Experimental setup and conditions This experiment was conducted at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) in St. George\u2019s, Bermuda. The experimental treatments were two CO2 levels (high and ambient) and two feeding conditions (fed and unfed). The two pCO2 levels were established in static 5.5 gallon aquaria filled with serially filtered (50, 5 um) seawater prior to the addition of metamorphosed larvae. These conditions were achieved and maintained by directly bubbling air (in the ambient condition) or CO2 -enriched air (high CO2 treatment) through micropore bubble \"wands\" fixed horizontally approximately 5 cm from the base of each aquarium. A pair of Aalborg mass flow controllers maintained the CO2 concentration of the enriched treatment. The resultant average calculated pCO2 for ambient and high CO2 conditions were 421 \u00b1 35 and 1,311 \u00b1 76 uatm (mean \u00b1 SD), respectively, with corresponding average \u03a9ar of 3.66 \u00b1 0.15 and 1.63 \u00b1 0.08 (mean \u00b1 SD), respectively. \u03a9ar of the high CO2 treatments is within range of average global surface ocean \u03a9ar predicted by global climate models for the end of this century under the IPCC SRES A2 (Steinacher et al. 2009). Corals in fed treatments were isolated (every night for 2 weeks, every other night for the third week) for 3 h in 12.5 cm x 12.5 cm x 3 cm plastic containers filled with seawater from their respective treatment tanks and provided with 24-h-old Artemia nauplii (brine shrimp). Feeding took place at night, shortly after lights were switched off to mimic crepuscular feeding and temporal zooplankton abundance observed in local coral reef environments (Lewis and Price 1975). Unfed corals were not provided nauplii during the 3-week experiment and were not isolated in empty feeding containers. Each CO2 -feeding treatment was conducted in triplicate for a total of twelve aquaria, and all treatments were kept on a 12/12 h light\u2013dark cycle. Fluorescent aquarium lamps maintained maximum light levels of 62 \u00b1 8 umol quanta m-2 s-1 (mean \u00b1 SD), which were monitored using a LI-COR probe/meter assemblage. The compensation range for F. fragum spat on Bermuda is not yet known. The investigators used the low end of known compensation ranges for corals (e.g. 3\u2013233 umol quanta m-2 s-1 as reported by Mass et al. 2007) for two reasons. The first was to ensure that corals under elevated CO2 did not bleach (as experienced by Anthony et al. 2009), and the second was to minimize the potential for enhanced photosynthesis to overwhelm or inhibit the feeding-modulated calcification response to elevated CO2. Aquarium temperatures were maintained by in-line chiller/heater systems and monitored every 15 min (Hobo temperature loggers, Onset Corp.). Average temperature for all treatments over the course of the experiment was 27.6 \u00b1 0.1 degrees C (\u00b1 SD). Aquarium water was replaced with filtered seawater every week to prevent the build-up of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and other wastes. Prior to removing water from the aquaria, discrete water samples were collected for salinity, alkalinity (Alk), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from every aquarium. Salinity was measured at BIOS with an Autosal salinometer. The Alk/DIC samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride immediately after collection and analyzed using a Marianda VINDTA-3C analysis system at WHOI. Alkalinity was determined by nonlinear curve fitting of data obtained by open-cell titrations, and DIC concentrations were determined by coulometric analysis. Both measurements were standardized using certified reference materials obtained from Dr. A. Dickson (Scripps IO). The pH (NBS) of each tank was measured every 3\u20134 d (Orion pH meter and temperature- compensated electrode) to provide a real-time assessment of tank chemistry. Short-term variations in NBS pH were also assessed on a higher-resolution time scale: for one, 24-h period, by measuring pH in each aquarium at 3-h time intervals. The pH within each tank was maintained within \u00b1 a few hundredths of a pH unit on both sub-weekly and sub-daily time scales. The carbonate system parameters used to compare treatments (pCO2, [HCO3- ], [CO32-], and \u03a9ar) were calculated from the average temperature and discretely sampled salinity, Alk, and DIC data using the CO2SYS program (Lewis and Wallace 1998; Pelletier et al. 2007) with the constants of Mehrbach et al. (1973) as refit by Dickson and Millero (1987). Coral collection, spawning, and larval settlement In July 2010, approximately 1 week prior to anticipated peak larval release date (Goodbody-Gringley and de Putron 2009), the investigators collected 30 mature colonies of the brooding coral, F. fragum, from the Bailey\u2019s Bay patch reefs off the northwest Bermudan coast at approximately three to seven meters water depth. Adult colonies were maintained in outdoor flow-through seawater aquaria at BIOS under ambient light and temperature conditions. Parent colonies were kept isolated in glass jars during planula release, which occurred over the course of 6 nights. The live zooxanthellate planulae were collected from all parents and pooled together. Ceramic tiles, approximately 9 square cm, were left out on the reef for 2 months prior to the start of the experiment and further conditioned for larval settlement by scattering bits of freshly collected crustose coralline algae on the tiles. Immediately after collection, actively swimming larvae were transferred to small plastic tubs each containing ceramic tiles and filled with seawater preset to targeted CO2 levels. The tubs had mesh lids, allowing for water exchange, while they are submerged in the treatment aquaria. After 48 h, larvae had settled and metamorphosed into primary polyps (at this stage, larvae are \"spat\"). Spat on tiles were quickly counted, and tiles were pseudo-randomly distributed among the experimental aquaria so that each aquarium had approximately the same number of juvenile corals. Calcification was visible approximately 3 d after settlement. At the end of 3 weeks (\u00b1 1 d), 20\u201350 primary polyps (including their primary corallite) per treatment were removed from the tiles and frozen at- 80 degrees C for analysis of total lipid. Tiles were then removed from treatments and submerged in a 10% bleach solution for 1 h, which removed the polyp tissue from all of the remaining juvenile corals and exposed the calcified skeleton or primary corallite. Quantification of baby coral skeletal development, size, and weight Each bleached skeleton was digitally photographed, removed from the tile, and weighed using a Metro-Toledo micro-balance. Images of the baby corals (i.e. spat) were examined for skeletal development and size using Spot Imaging software. Length of the primary septa (present in all samples) was used to estimate corallite diameter (i.e., size). The septa are lateral CaCO3 plates that corals accrete in cycles. In our experiment, most spat accreted both primary and secondary septa; the tertiary septa were the last septal cycle accreted by any of the juvenile corals. Rate of skeletal development was defined as percent spat exhibiting tertiary septa, and a two-way ANOVA was used to test for differences in the mean proportion of spat with tertiary septa between the treatments. Feeding treatment and CO2 level were fixed effects. Data were arc sin square root transformed to homogenize variances prior to analyses. To test for differences in mean spat weight and diameter among treatments, a two-way, nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed on natural log transformed weight data and square root transformed diameter data. Feeding treatment and CO2 levels were fixed main effects, while tank effect was the random factor nested within feeding and CO2 levels. Eight univariate F tests were conducted to test each of the dependent variables. A Bonferonni corrected alpha value of 0.0062 was used to declare significance of F statistics. It should be noted that the MANOVA only considers corals that have data for both diameter and weight. If part of a corallite is lost during weighing or was attached to coralline algae, both coral size and weight were excluded from the MANOVA analyses. Likewise, if the skeleton was irregularly shaped (i.e., primary septa did not lie in a straight line), the data for those corals were not included. In order to account for any bias that may have resulted from corallite exclusion in the MANOVA, ANOVAs for the dependent variables, weight, and diameter were conducted. These tests considered all data for a given dependent variable to compare with the MANOVA\u2019s univariate results. Quantification of baby coral total lipid and symbiont density Ten individual spat from each aquarium were pooled per tissue lipid sample for quantification of total lipid by gravimetric analysis. Pooling was necessary due to the small size of the spat at 3 weeks. Extraction methods follow that of Folch et al. (1957) and Cantin et al. (2007). Five individual spat from each aquarium were pooled per sample for quantification of symbiont density. Spat were homogenized, centrifuged and the resultant pellet was re- suspended in 250 l L filtered seawater. Symbionts from multiple (6\u20139) aliquot sub-samples of the slurry were counted on a known volume hemocytometer grid. Both total tissue lipid and symbiont counts were normalized to the circular area described by the average primary septa length (diameter) for a respective tank and then divided by the number of corals pooled in the sample (i.e., 10 or 5). Both area-normalized lipid content and symbiont density were compared among levels of CO2 and feeding conditions using two-way ANOVAs with tank as a random factor nested within the CO2 and feeding combinations. Total lipid concentration was transformed to - 1/x in order to homogenize the variances. All statistical analyses were conducted on SYSTAT.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_nid	String	54741
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_award_number	String	OCE-1041052
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1041052
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_0_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_nid	String	54896
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_award_number	String	OCE-1041106
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_data_url	String	http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=1041106
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funder_name	String	NSF Division of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_acronym	String	NSF OCE
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_funding_source_nid	String	355
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager	String	David L. Garrison
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	awards_1_program_manager_nid	String	50534
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	cdm_data_type	String	Other
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	comment	String	Carbonate Chemistry and Coral Data from OA/Feeding Experiment PI: Anne Cohen (WHOI) Co-PIs: S. de Putron (BIOS), D. McCorkle (WHOI), A. Tarrant (WHOI) Contact: Elizabeth Drenkard (WHOI) Version: 10 Sept 2013
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	Conventions	String	COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_email	String	info at bco-dmo.org
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_name	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	creator_url	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	data_source	String	extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_created	String	2013-09-10T19:55:40Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	date_modified	String	2019-11-14T19:47:17Z
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	defaultDataQuery	String	&time<now
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	doi	String	10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.4040.1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	infoUrl	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/4040
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	institution	String	BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_acronym	String	salinometer
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description	String	Salinity was measured at BIOS with an Autosal salinometer.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6286
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_description	String	The salinometer is an instrument for measuring the salinity of a water sample.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB30/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_name	String	Autosal salinometer
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_instrument_nid	String	576
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_0_supplied_name	String	Autosal salinometer
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_acronym	String	Water Temp Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_dataset_instrument_description	String	Aquarium temperatures were maintained by in-line chiller/heater systems and monitored every 15 min using Hobo temperature loggers (Onset Corp.).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6285
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_description	String	General term for an instrument that measures the temperature of the water with which it is in contact (thermometer).
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/134/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_name	String	Water Temperature Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_instrument_nid	String	647
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_1_supplied_name	String	Water Temperature Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_acronym	String	pH Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_dataset_instrument_description	String	The pH (NBS) of each tank was measured using an Orion pH meter and temperature-compensated electrode.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6288
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_description	String	General term for an instrument that measures the pH or how acidic or basic a solution is.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_instrument_name	String	pH Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_instrument_nid	String	674
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_2_supplied_name	String	pH Sensor
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_acronym	String	inorganic carbon and alkalinity analyser
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_dataset_instrument_description	String	The Alk/DIC samples were poisoned with mercuric chloride immediately after collection and analyzed using a Marianda VINDTA-3C analysis system at WHOI.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6287
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_description	String	The Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) 3C is a laboratory alkalinity titration system combined with an extraction unit for coulometric titration, which simultaneously determines the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon content of a sample. The sample transport is performed with peristaltic pumps and acid is added to the sample using a membrane pump. No pressurizing system is required and only one gas supply (nitrogen or dry and CO2-free air) is necessary. The system uses a Metrohm Titrino 719S, an ORION-Ross pH electrode and a Metrohm reference electrode. The burette, the pipette and the analysis cell have a water jacket around them. Precision is typically +/- 1 umol/kg for TA and/or DIC in open ocean water.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0481/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_instrument_name	String	MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_instrument_nid	String	686
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_3_supplied_name	String	MARIANDA VINDTA 3C total inorganic carbon and titration alkalinity analyser
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_acronym	String	Aquarium
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6283
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_description	String	Aquarium - a vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are kept
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_instrument_name	String	Aquarium
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_instrument_nid	String	711
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_4_supplied_name	String	Aquarium
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_acronym	String	MFC
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_dataset_instrument_description	String	A pair of Aalborg mass flow controllers maintained the CO2 concentration of the enriched treatment.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6284
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_description	String	Mass Flow Controller (MFC) - A device used to measure and control the flow of fluids and gases
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_instrument_name	String	Mass Flow Controller
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_instrument_nid	String	712
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_5_supplied_name	String	Mass Flow Controller
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_acronym	String	Scale
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_dataset_instrument_description	String	Bleached skeletons were weighed using a Metro-Toledo micro-balance.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_dataset_instrument_nid	String	6289
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_description	String	An instrument used to measure weight or mass.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_instrument_external_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_instrument_name	String	Scale
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_instrument_nid	String	714
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	instruments_6_supplied_name	String	Scale
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords	String	alk, alk_sd, altimetry, arag, AragSat, AragSat_sd, area, bco, bco-dmo, biological, carbonate, chemical, chemistry, co3, CO3_sd, corallite, CoralliteWt, CoralliteWt_se, data, dataset, density, diam, dic, DIC_sd, dmo, earth, Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > pH, erddap, hco3, HCO3_sd, laboratory, lipid, management, ocean, oceanography, oceans, office, pcnt, PcntSpat3oSepta, PcntSpat3oSepta_se, per, pH_sd, preliminary, reported, sal, sal_sd, sat, satellite, scale, science, sea, sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scale, seawater, septa, SeptaDiam, SeptaDiam_se, spat3o, symbiont, SymbiontDensity, SymbiontDensity_se, tank, TankAragSat, TankAragSat_se, TankCoralliteWt, TankCoralliteWt_se, tot, total, TotLipid_per_area, TotLipid_per_area_se, treatment, water
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	keywords_vocabulary	String	GCMD Science Keywords
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	license	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/4040/license
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	metadata_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/4040
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	param_mapping	String	{'4040': {}}
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	parameter_source	String	https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/4040/parameters
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_name	String	Anne L Cohen
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_person_nid	String	51428
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role	String	Lead Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_0_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation	String	Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_affiliation_acronym	String	BIOS
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_name	String	Samantha J. de Putron
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_person_nid	String	51431
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_1_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_name	String	Daniel C McCorkle
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_person_nid	String	51429
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_2_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_person_name	String	Ann M. Tarrant
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_person_nid	String	51430
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_role	String	Co-Principal Investigator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_3_role_type	String	originator
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_person_name	String	Elizabeth Drenkard
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_person_nid	String	51723
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_role	String	Contact
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_4_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_affiliation	String	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_affiliation_acronym	String	WHOI BCO-DMO
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_person_name	String	Shannon Rauch
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_person_nid	String	51498
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_role	String	BCO-DMO Data Manager
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	people_5_role_type	String	related
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	project	String	OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_acronym	String	OA Nutrition and Coral Calcification
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_description	String	The project description is a modification of the original NSF award abstract. This research project is part of the larger NSF funded CRI-OA collaborative research initiative and was funded as an Ocean Acidification-Category 1, 2010 award. Over the course of this century, all tropical coral reef ecosystems, whether fringing heavily populated coastlines or lining remote islands and atolls, face unprecedented threat from ocean acidification caused by rising levels of atmospheric CO2. In many laboratory experiments conducted to date, calcium carbonate production (calcification) by scleractinian (stony) corals showed an inverse correlation to seawater saturation state OMEGAar), whether OMEGAar was manipulated by acid or CO2 addition. Based on these data, it is predicted that coral calcification rates could decline by up to 80% of modern values by the end of this century. A growing body of new experimental data however, suggests that the coral calcification response to ocean acidification may be less straightforward and a lot more variable than previously recognized. In at least 10 recent experiments including our own, 8 different tropical and temperate species reared under nutritionally-replete but significantly elevated CO2 conditions (780-1200 ppm, OMEAGar ~1.5-2), continued to calcify at rates comparable to conspecifics reared under ambient CO2. These experimental results are consistent with initial field data collected on reefs in the eastern Pacific and southern Oman, where corals today live and accrete their skeletons under conditions equivalent to 2X and 3X pre-industrial CO2. On these high CO2, high nutrient reefs (where nitrate concentrations typically exceed 2.5 micro-molar), coral growth rates rival, and sometimes even exceed, those of conspecifics in low CO2, oligotrophic reef environments. The investigators propose that a coral's energetic status, tightly coupled to the availability of inorganic nutrients and/or food, is a key factor in the calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Their hypothesis, if confirmed by the proposed laboratory investigations, implies that predicted changes in coastal and open ocean nutrient concentrations over the course of this century, driven by both climate impacts on ocean stratification and by increased human activity in coastal regions, could play a critical role in exacerbating and in some areas, modulating the coral reef response to ocean acidification. This research program builds on the investigators initial results and observations. The planned laboratory experiments will test the hypothesis that: (1) The coral calcification response to ocean acidification is linked to the energetic status of the coral host. The relative contribution of symbiont photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding to a coral's energetic status varies amongst species. Enhancing the energetic status of corals reared under high CO2, either by stimulating photosynthesis with inorganic nutrients or by direct heterotrophic feeding of the host lowers the sensitivity of calcification to decreased seawater OMEGAar; (2) A species-specific threshold CO2 level exists over which enhanced energetic status can no longer compensate for decreased OMEGAar of the external seawater. Similarly, we will test the hypothesis that a nutrient threshold exists over which nutrients become detrimental for calcification even under high CO2 conditions; and (3) Temperature-induced reduction of algal symbionts is one stressor that can reduce the energetic reserve of the coral host and exacerbate the calcification response to ocean acidification. The investigator's initial findings highlight the critical importance of energetic status in the coral calcification response to ocean acidification. Verification of these findings in the laboratory, and identification of nutrient and CO2 thresholds for a range of species will have immediate, direct impact on predictions of reef resilience in a high CO2 world. The research project brings together a diverse group of expertise in coral biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, molecular biology and coral reproductive ecology to focus on a problem that has enormous societal, economic and conservation relevance.
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_end_date	String	2013-09
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_geolocation	String	global; experimental
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_name	String	An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_project_nid	String	2183
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	projects_0_start_date	String	2010-10
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_name	String	Biological and Chemical Oceanographic Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	publisher_type	String	institution
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	sourceUrl	String	(local files)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	standard_name_vocabulary	String	CF Standard Name Table v55
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	summary	String	Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch reefs; 2010
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	title	String	[carbonate chemistry and corals expt] - Results from OA/feeding experiment: carbonate chemistry and coral skeletal weight, symbiont density, and total tissue lipid content of samples collected from northwestern Bermuda patch reefs; 2010 (An Investigation of the Role of Nutrition in the Coral Calcification Response to Ocean Acidification)
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	version	String	1
attribute	NC_GLOBAL	xml_source	String	osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
variable	treatment		String
attribute	treatment	bcodmo_name	String	treatment
attribute	treatment	description	String	Experimental treatment/condition.
attribute	treatment	long_name	String	Treatment
attribute	treatment	units	String	text
variable	sal		float
attribute	sal	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	sal	actual_range	float	37.0, 37.6
attribute	sal	bcodmo_name	String	sal
attribute	sal	description	String	Salinity; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	sal	long_name	String	Sal
attribute	sal	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PSALST01/
attribute	sal	units	String	psu
variable	sal_sd		float
attribute	sal_sd	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	sal_sd	actual_range	float	0.2, 0.3
attribute	sal_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	sal_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	sal_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	sal_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'sal'.
attribute	sal_sd	long_name	String	Sal Sd
attribute	sal_sd	units	String	psu
variable	alk		short
attribute	alk	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	alk	actual_range	short	2324, 2332
attribute	alk	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	alk	description	String	Alkalinity; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	alk	long_name	String	Alk
attribute	alk	units	String	microequivalent per kilogram (ueq/kg)
variable	alk_sd		byte
attribute	alk_sd	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	alk_sd	actual_range	byte	9, 23
attribute	alk_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	alk_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	alk_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	alk_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'alk'.
attribute	alk_sd	long_name	String	Alk Sd
attribute	alk_sd	units	String	microequivalent per kilogram (ueq/kg)
variable	DIC		short
attribute	DIC	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	DIC	actual_range	short	1984, 2213
attribute	DIC	bcodmo_name	String	DIC
attribute	DIC	description	String	Concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	DIC	long_name	String	DIC
attribute	DIC	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	DIC_sd		byte
attribute	DIC_sd	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	DIC_sd	actual_range	byte	16, 33
attribute	DIC_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	DIC_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	DIC_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	DIC_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'DIC'.
attribute	DIC_sd	long_name	String	DIC Sd
attribute	DIC_sd	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	pH		float
attribute	pH	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	pH	actual_range	float	7.72, 8.2
attribute	pH	bcodmo_name	String	pH
attribute	pH	colorBarMaximum	double	9.0
attribute	pH	colorBarMinimum	double	7.0
attribute	pH	description	String	pH; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	pH	long_name	String	Sea Water Ph Reported On Total Scale
attribute	pH	nerc_identifier	String	https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PHXXZZXX/
attribute	pH	units	String	NBS
variable	pH_sd		float
attribute	pH_sd	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	pH_sd	actual_range	float	0.0, 0.02
attribute	pH_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	pH_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	pH_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	pH_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'pH'.
attribute	pH_sd	long_name	String	P H SD
attribute	pH_sd	units	String	NBS
variable	HCO3		short
attribute	HCO3	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	HCO3	actual_range	short	1735, 2076
attribute	HCO3	bcodmo_name	String	bicarbonate
attribute	HCO3	description	String	Concentration of bicarbonate ions; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	HCO3	long_name	String	HCO3
attribute	HCO3	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	HCO3_sd		byte
attribute	HCO3_sd	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	HCO3_sd	actual_range	byte	13, 39
attribute	HCO3_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	HCO3_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	HCO3_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	HCO3_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'HCO3'.
attribute	HCO3_sd	long_name	String	HCO3 Sd
attribute	HCO3_sd	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	CO3		short
attribute	CO3	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	CO3	actual_range	short	101, 238
attribute	CO3	bcodmo_name	String	carbonate
attribute	CO3	description	String	Concentration of carbonate ions; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	CO3	long_name	String	CO3
attribute	CO3	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	CO3_sd		byte
attribute	CO3_sd	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	CO3_sd	actual_range	byte	3, 9
attribute	CO3_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	CO3_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	CO3_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	CO3_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'CO3'.
attribute	CO3_sd	long_name	String	CO3 Sd
attribute	CO3_sd	units	String	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
variable	AragSat		float
attribute	AragSat	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	AragSat	actual_range	float	1.6, 3.76
attribute	AragSat	bcodmo_name	String	OM_ar
attribute	AragSat	description	String	Aragonite saturation state; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment. (The saturation state of seawater with respect to aragonite is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for aragonite to form or to dissolve, and is defined as the product of the concentrations of dissolved calcium and carbonate ions in seawater, divided by their product at equilibrium.)
attribute	AragSat	long_name	String	Arag Sat
attribute	AragSat	units	String	dimensionless
variable	AragSat_sd		float
attribute	AragSat_sd	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	AragSat_sd	actual_range	float	0.03, 0.15
attribute	AragSat_sd	bcodmo_name	String	standard deviation
attribute	AragSat_sd	colorBarMaximum	double	50.0
attribute	AragSat_sd	colorBarMinimum	double	0.0
attribute	AragSat_sd	description	String	Standard deviation of 'AragSat'.
attribute	AragSat_sd	long_name	String	Arag Sat Sd
attribute	AragSat_sd	units	String	dimensionless
variable	PcntSpat3oSepta		byte
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	actual_range	byte	7, 82
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	description	String	Percent of spat with tertiary septat; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	long_name	String	Pcnt Spat3o Septa
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta	units	String	%
variable	PcntSpat3oSepta_se		byte
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	actual_range	byte	4, 7
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	description	String	Standard error of 'PcntSpat3oSepta'.
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	long_name	String	Pcnt Spat3o Septa Se
attribute	PcntSpat3oSepta_se	units	String	%
variable	SeptaDiam		short
attribute	SeptaDiam	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	SeptaDiam	actual_range	short	1323, 2133
attribute	SeptaDiam	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	SeptaDiam	description	String	Septa diameter; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	SeptaDiam	long_name	String	Septa Diam
attribute	SeptaDiam	units	String	micrometers (um)
variable	SeptaDiam_se		byte
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	actual_range	byte	23, 35
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	description	String	Standard error of 'SeptaDiam'.
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	long_name	String	Septa Diam Se
attribute	SeptaDiam_se	units	String	micrometers (um)
variable	CoralliteWt		short
attribute	CoralliteWt	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	CoralliteWt	actual_range	short	250, 547
attribute	CoralliteWt	bcodmo_name	String	weight
attribute	CoralliteWt	description	String	Total corallite weight; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	CoralliteWt	long_name	String	Corallite Wt
attribute	CoralliteWt	units	String	micrograms (ug)
variable	CoralliteWt_se		byte
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	actual_range	byte	7, 29
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	description	String	Standard error of 'CoralliteWt'.
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	long_name	String	Corallite Wt Se
attribute	CoralliteWt_se	units	String	micrograms (ug)
variable	TotLipid_per_area		byte
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	actual_range	byte	10, 13
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	description	String	Area-normalized total tissue lipid weight; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	long_name	String	Tot Lipid Per Area
attribute	TotLipid_per_area	units	String	micrograms per square millimeter (ug/mm^2)
variable	TotLipid_per_area_se		byte
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	actual_range	byte	0, 2
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	description	String	Standard error of 'TotLipid_per_area'.
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	long_name	String	Tot Lipid Per Area Se
attribute	TotLipid_per_area_se	units	String	micrograms per square millimeter (ug/mm^2)
variable	SymbiontDensity		byte
attribute	SymbiontDensity	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	SymbiontDensity	actual_range	byte	14, 23
attribute	SymbiontDensity	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	SymbiontDensity	description	String	Symbionts per area; average of all replicate tanks for the given experimental treatment.
attribute	SymbiontDensity	long_name	String	Symbiont Density
attribute	SymbiontDensity	units	String	x1000 cells per square millimeter (x10^3 cells/mm^2)
variable	SymbiontDensity_se		byte
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	actual_range	byte	2, 4
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	bcodmo_name	String	unknown
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	description	String	Standard error of 'SymbiontDensity'.
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	long_name	String	Symbiont Density Se
attribute	SymbiontDensity_se	units	String	x1000 cells per square millimeter (x10^3 cells/mm^2)
variable	tank		byte
attribute	tank	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	tank	actual_range	byte	1, 12
attribute	tank	bcodmo_name	String	tank
attribute	tank	description	String	Identification number of the experimental tank.
attribute	tank	long_name	String	Tank
attribute	tank	units	String	integer
variable	TankAragSat		float
attribute	TankAragSat	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	TankAragSat	actual_range	float	1.54, 3.79
attribute	TankAragSat	bcodmo_name	String	OM_ar
attribute	TankAragSat	description	String	Aragonite saturation state in the specified tank.
attribute	TankAragSat	long_name	String	Tank Arag Sat
attribute	TankAragSat	units	String	dimensionless
variable	TankAragSat_se		float
attribute	TankAragSat_se	_FillValue	float	NaN
attribute	TankAragSat_se	actual_range	float	0.01, 0.26
attribute	TankAragSat_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	TankAragSat_se	description	String	Standard error of 'TankAragSat'.
attribute	TankAragSat_se	long_name	String	Tank Arag Sat Se
attribute	TankAragSat_se	units	String	dimensionless
variable	TankCoralliteWt		short
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	_FillValue	short	32767
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	actual_range	short	237, 578
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	bcodmo_name	String	weight
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	description	String	Total corallite weight in the specified tank.
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	long_name	String	Tank Corallite Wt
attribute	TankCoralliteWt	units	String	micrograms (ug)
variable	TankCoralliteWt_se		byte
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	_FillValue	byte	127
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	actual_range	byte	11, 59
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	bcodmo_name	String	standard error
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	description	String	Standard error of 'TankCoralliteWt'.
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	long_name	String	Tank Corallite Wt Se
attribute	TankCoralliteWt_se	units	String	micrograms (ug)

The information in the table above is also available in other file formats (.csv, .htmlTable, .itx, .json, .jsonlCSV1, .jsonlCSV, .jsonlKVP, .mat, .nc, .nccsv, .tsv, .xhtml) via a RESTful web service.